kor-e (SG)/kor-pa-re (PL)

Coding frame

1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V

Complex Verb form

Examples

(35)

Anna ninup enkore.

Anna

ninup

sewing

en=kor-e

1SG.O=have-CAUS

‘Anna gave me a sewing (lit. let me have a sewing).’

★

(36)

Itura utar apumakore sinep sinep ki ruwe ne hine ase.

i=tura

IND.O=accompany

utar

people

a=puma-kor-e

IND.A=wage-have-CAUS

sinep

one.thing.CL

sinep

one.thing.CL

do.AUX

ruwe

INF.EV

COP

hine

and

a=se

IND.A=carry

‘We paid each person who came with us to carry the things down.’

★

(245)

Inan pe kukor kor pirka hawe an?

inan

which

thing

ku=kor

1SG.A=have

kor

and

pirka

be.good

hawe

REP.EV

exist.SG

‘Which one should I choose?’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	GIVE	Coding set	Argument type
1	giver	subj.V	A
2	giving recipient	obj.V	P
3	gift	Ø	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Noun incorporation more info	MMarginally	y	(279) Itura utar apumakore sinep sinep ki ruwe ne h_ine ase. ‘We paid wages to each person who came with us to carry the things down.’ ★
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	RRegularly	y	(37) Akor ninup Anna kor ninup, aukorpare. ‘As to my sewing and Anna’s sewing, we (you and I) gave (them) to each other (lit. let each other have them).’ ★
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	RRegularly	y	(38) Epon hi wano aeciukore kunihi aye kor okaan ruwe ne. ‘Since your childhood we agreed to give you (as bride and bridegroom) to each other, and so we live (lit. let you have each other).’ ★
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Antipassive more info	MMarginally	y	(280) Rupne mat utar_ ne yakka aipere pa aikorpare pa. ‘We were charitable and fed the older women.’ ★
C Dative applicative ko- more info	–No data	y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	NNever	y
C Locative applicative o- more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive more info	–No data	y
C Direct causative more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

kor-e (SG)/kor-pa-re (PL)

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples