rúra

Coding frame

1 2+(e)un 3 subj[1].obj[3].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(25)

Aynu nimara Iskar emko kor nispa eun nea nispa kor pa p opitta rura pa.

aynu

human/Ainu

nimar-a

half-POSS

Iskar

Ishikari

emko

upstream

kor

have

nispa

rich.man

eun

DAT

nea

that

nispa

rich.man

kor

have

opitta

all

rúra

carry

‘The (remaining) half of the Ainu carried all of that rich man’s belongings to the the rich man at Upstream Ishikari.’

★

(27)

Nea kotan pa un nispa macihi ewtanne kur, kotan pa un kur uni o p yayteknata cip or un rura.

nea

that

kotan

village

upper.part

belong.to

nispa

rich.man

mac-ihi

wife-POSS

e-utar-ne

APPL.INS-kin-COP

kur

man

kotan

village

upper.part

belong.to

kur

man

uni

house

put.in

yayteknata

by.onself

cip

boat

place

ALL

rúra

carry

‘The man who married the wife of the elder from above the village carried the things from the house of the man from above the village to his boat.’

★

(30)

Ukorura.

uko-rura

SOC-carry

‘Bring sth/sb together. / He/She brought them together.’

★

(31)

Ito enumitanne nesko ukorura.

Ito

enumitanne

honeysuckle

nesko

walnut

uko-rura

SOC-carry

‘Ito carried honeysuckle and walnut together.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	CARRY	Coding set	Argument type
1	carrier	subj.V	A
2	carrying goal	NP+(e)un	X
3	carried thing	obj.V	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Dative applicative ko- more info	RRegularly	y	(26) Aynurakkur kamuy akarku an kusukeraypo akor turesi aikorura. ‘Thanks to my divine nephew Ainurakkur my younger sister has been carried to me.’ ★
C Noun incorporation more info	MMarginally	y	(28) Konto cepruraan. ‘Then I carried the fish.’ ★
C Antipassive more info	RRegularly	y	(29) Konto kotan kor utar ne yakka apumakore pa wa irura pa. ‘(I carried the things that the wise man had owned.) Then I paid the villagers and they carried (the things).’ ★
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	NNever	y
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data	y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	RRegularly	y	(283) Erura. ‘Carry sth by sth/sb / carry sth with sb.’ ★
C Locative applicative o- more info	MMarginally	y	(32) Akon yupi siknure wa akor kotanu akor casi orura wa ikorpare yan. ‘Please for my sake save my brother and carry him to my village and my castle.’ ★
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Direct causative more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

rúra

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples