ko-ani (SG) / ko-anpa (PL)

Coding frame

1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V

Complex Verb form

Examples

(19)

Pon cep ne korka arturere poka e=kor unarpe ko-ani wa ek.

pon

little

cep

fish

COP

korka

but

arturere

half.POSS

poka

only

e=kor

2SG.A=have

unarpe

aunt

ko-ani

APPL.DAT-hold/carry.in.hands.SG

and

come.SG

‘It is a little fish but bring at least half of it to your grandmother.’

★

(20)

Kon-kani pon ku kon-kani pon ay ci=uko-ani.

kon-kani

gold-metal

pon

little

bow

kon-kani

gold-metal

pon

little

arrow

ci=uko-ani

1PL.EXC.A=SOC-hold/carry.in.hands.SG

‘I (a god) took into my hands a small gold bow and a small gold arrow together.’

★

(22)

Ukoani.

uko-ani

SOC-hold/carry.in.hands.SG

‘They brought it together.’

★

(244)

Poro aynu yuk tapkir sine-p ani kane wa, ek wa.

poro

bold

aynu

human/Ainu

yuk

deer

tapkir

animal.fore.leg

sine-p

one-thing.CL

ani

hold/carry.in.hands.SG

kane

suddenly

and

come.SG

and

‘Suddenly an old man brought a single deer fore leg.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	BRING	Coding set	Argument type
1	bringer	subj.V	A
2	bringing recipient	obj.V	P
3	brought thing	Ø	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	RRegularly	y	(21) Keraan pe ukoani. ‘(They) brought delicious things to each other.’ ★
C Dative applicative ko- more info	NNever	y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	NNever	y
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive more info	–No data	y
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Antipassive more info	NNever	y
C Locative applicative o- more info	NNever	y
C Noun incorporation more info	–No data	y
C Direct causative more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

ko-ani (SG) / ko-anpa (PL)

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples