an-u (SG) / ari (PL)

Coding frame

1 2 LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(12)

Orano akor ekasi anak aoypepi sirka ta anu.

ora-no

then-ADV

a=kor

IND.A=have

ekasi

grandfather

anak

TOP

aoypepi

dish

sir-ka

ground/world-top

LOC

an-u

exist.SG-CAUS

‘Grandfather put the dish down on the ground.’

★

(13)

Nea asikehe ape etok un anu. Oharkiso un aan.

nea

that

a=sike-he

IND.A=luggage-POSS

ape

fire

etok

front

ALL

an-u

exist.SG-CAUS

oharkiso

the.seat.to.the.left(south).of.the.hearth

ALL

a=an

sit.SG=IND.S

‘(The woman) placed my luggage at the upper seat of honor, and I sat at the lower seat of honor.’

★

(14)

Orowa mi pa p opitta akoanu hine.

or-o-wa

place-POSS-ABL

wear

opitta

all

a=ko-an-u

IND.A=APPL.DAT-exist.SG-CAUS

hine

and

‘I took off all her clothing (from her).’

★

(15)

Sinnaycise eanu.

sinnay-cise

different-house

e-an-u

APPL.INS-exist.SG-CAUS

‘Put to a different house / He/she put him/her to a different house.’

★

(338)

Ami hayokpe opitta ayaykoanu wa.

a=mi

IND.A=wear

hayokpe

armour

opitta

all

a=yay-ko-anu

IND.A=REFL-APPL-put.SG

and

‘I took off from myself all the armor I was wearing.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	PUT	Coding set	Argument type
1	putter	subj.V	A
2	put thing	obj.V	P
3	putting goal	LOC	L

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Dative applicative ko- more info	RRegularly	y	(284) Ne katkemat mipihi opitta akoanu. ‘All of this woman's clothes were taken off ('all clothes were put (aside) from this woman').’ ★
C Reflexive more info	–No data	y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	RRegularly	y	(285) Anipunkari i(y)oikir ka aeanu. ‘We put a sake bottle on top of treasures.’ ★
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Antipassive more info	–No data	y
C Locative applicative o- more info	NNever	y
C Noun incorporation more info	–No data	y
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data	y
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data	y
C Direct causative more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

an-u (SG) / ari (PL)

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples