hop-i (SG)/hop-pa (PL)

Coding frame

1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(318)

Akor nispa mosir hoppa hi oro wano.

a=kor

IND.A=have

nispa

rich.man

mosir

land

hoppa

leave.PL

or-o

place-POSS

wa-no

ABL-ADV

‘Since the moment my husband has left this world...’

★

(320)

Aunuhu aonaha kira hine yap hine oraun sinenne aihoppa tono or ta ki p ne kusu...

a=unu-hu

IND.A=mother-POSS

a=ona-ha

IND.A=father-POSS

kira

run

hine

and

yap

go.ashore.PL

hine

and

ora-un

then-COP

sine-n-ne

one-human.CL-as

a=i=hoppa

IND.A=IND.O=leave.PL

tono

Japanese.lord

place

LOC

COP

kusu

because

‘My father and mother ran away and returned (home) and I was left alone at the place of a Japanese lord, so...’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	LEAVE	Coding set	Argument type
1	leaver	subj.V	A
2	left place/person	obj.V	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Antipassive more info	RRegularly	y	(319) Sekor asa iye kor ihoppa ruwe ne hine orano okaan. ‘My bolder sister said to me as she left this world.’ ★
C Dative applicative ko- more info	RRegularly	y	(321) "Epoho ikohoppa." sekor kane hawean wa kusu... ‘"Leave your son with me," (He) said, so...’ ★ (322) Yuk ne ciki kamuy ne ciki nuwe akoan wa aacautari akohoppa. ‘I will catch many deer and bears and leave them for uncles.’ ★
C Direct causative more info	NNever	y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	NNever	y
C Locative applicative o- more info	–No data	y
C Noun incorporation more info	RRegularly	y	(323) Amatkarkuutari amippoutari ene iki pa hi anukar wa mosirhoppaan yakne. ‘I watched over the lives of my nieces and grandchildren, and then I left this world.’ ★
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data	y
C Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

hop-i (SG)/hop-pa (PL)

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples