kuta

Coding frame

1 2 LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(288)

Atuy or un akuta akusu.

atuy

sea

place

ALL

a=kuta

IND.S=pour

akusu

when

‘(Again I pulled out the silver dipper and) when I poured [water] into the sea (the water raised to the middle of the sea.).’

★

(289)

Ora su oha h_i kusu ora soy ta ruri akuta.

ora

then

pot

oha

empty

h_i

kusu

because

ora

then

soy

outside

LOC

ruri

soup

a=kuta

IND.A=pour

‘When the pot was empty, I threw the soup outside.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	POUR	Coding set	Argument type
1	pourer	subj.V	A
2	poured substance	obj.V	P
3	pouring goal	LOC	L

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Antipassive more info	–No data	y
C Dative applicative ko- more info	–No data	y
C Direct causative more info	NNever	y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	–No data	y
C Locative applicative o- more info	RRegularly	y	(290) Ra okuta. ‘Drop/spill/pou down / drop/spill/pour down to the bottom.’ ★
C Noun incorporation more info	–No data	y
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data	y
C Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

kuta

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples