Examples of Ainu
Example | Verb meaning | Example of... | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) (Aekasi) cep aukosina p ne ápekor an pe... kasi wa amip kamure kane an. a=ekasi IND.A=grandfather cep fish a=u-ko-sina IND.A=REC-APPL.DAT-bind p NR ne COP ápekor as.if an exist.SG pe thing kas-i top-POSS wa ABL amip clothing kamu-re cover-CAUS kane while an exist.SG ‘(My grandfather) covered up something that looked like a bundle of fish with his clothing.’ |
★ | COVER |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
1 |
(2) Ukamure. u-kamu-re REC-cover-CAUS ‘Lay one on top of another / (He/she) lays/laid (them/a thing) on top of another.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
Object-oriented reciprocal |
2 |
(3) Penampe chi-kurshutu kishma , tek kamure kane Penampe ci kursutu kisma, tek kamure kane. Penampe Penampe ci penis kursut-u root-POSS kisma grab tek hand kamu-re cover-CAUS kane while ‘Penampe grabbed his penis and covered (it) with his hand.’ |
★ | COVER |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
3 |
(4) Nea cep cip or ao. nea that cep fish cip boat or place a=o IND.A=put ‘She put the fish into the boat (and stood on the bow of the boat).’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
4 |
(5) Cikuni kotca ta seta asirkote wa an. cikuni tree kotca front ta LOC seta dog a=sir-kot-e IND.A=ground/world-be.attached.to-CAUS wa and an exist.SG ‘The dog is tied in front of the tree.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
5 |
(6) Toan cikuni or un sirkote. toan that cikuni tree or place un ALL sir-kot-e ground/world-tie-CAUS ‘Tie (it) to the tree.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
6 |
(7) Tar ari rekuci ansirkote hine. tar rope ari INST rekut-i throat-POSS an=sir-kot-e IND.A=ground/world-be.attached.to-CAUS hine and ‘(Since I cut his throat I could not carry him on my back, so) I tied his throat with a rope and (dragged him).’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
7 |
(8) Ratcako sum hene ponno oro ota wa uhuyka. ratcako lamp sum oil hene for.example pon-no little-ADV or-o place-POSS o-ta APPL.LOC-dig wa and uhuy-ka burn-CAUS ‘Pour at least some lamp oil there and light it.’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
8 |
(9) Amacirpehe ne a p, wakkata kusu pet or ta ran siri anukar yakun. a=macirpe-he IND.A=young.sister-POSS ne COP a PERF.SG p NR wakka-ta water-dig/draw kusu because pet river or place ta LOC ran descend.SG siri VIS.EV a=nukar IND.A=see yak-un if-COP ‘If I see my younger sister go down to the river to fetch some water...’ |
★ | MEET | the Verb form nukar | 9 |
(10) Sirkamure. sir-kamu-re ground/world-cover-CAUS ‘Cover ground with sth. / He/she covers/covered ground with it.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
10 |
(11) Ayuputari ka posiresike. a=yup-utar-i IND.A=elder.brother-PL-POSS ka also po-sir-e-sik-te child-ground/world-APPL.INS-be.full-CAUS ‘My elder brothers also had many children.’ |
★ | FILL | the Verb form e-sik-te | 11 |
(12) Orano akor ekasi anak aoypepi sirka ta anu. ora-no then-ADV a=kor IND.A=have ekasi grandfather anak TOP aoypepi dish sir-ka ground/world-top ta LOC an-u exist.SG-CAUS ‘Grandfather put the dish down on the ground.’ |
★ | PUT |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
12 |
(13) Nea asikehe ape etok un anu. Oharkiso un aan. nea that a=sike-he IND.A=luggage-POSS ape fire etok front un ALL an-u exist.SG-CAUS oharkiso the.seat.to.the.left(south).of.the.hearth un ALL a=an sit.SG=IND.S ‘(The woman) placed my luggage at the upper seat of honor, and I sat at the lower seat of honor.’ |
★ | PUT |
a Coding frame:
1 2 LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
13 |
(14) Orowa mi pa p opitta akoanu hine. or-o-wa place-POSS-ABL mi wear pa PL p NR opitta all a=ko-an-u IND.A=APPL.DAT-exist.SG-CAUS hine and ‘I took off all her clothing (from her).’ |
★ | PUT | the Verb form an-u (SG) / ari (PL) | 14 |
(15) Sinnaycise eanu. sinnay-cise different-house e-an-u APPL.INS-exist.SG-CAUS ‘Put to a different house / He/she put him/her to a different house.’ |
★ | PUT | the Verb form an-u (SG) / ari (PL) | 15 |
(16) Akor ya asanke hine to kurka akoeyapkir. a=kor IND.A=have ya net a=san-ke IND.A=descend.SG-CAUS hine and to lake kur-ka shadow-top a=ko-e-yapkir IND.A=APPL.DAT-APPL.INS-throw ‘I took out my fish net and threw it to the lake.’ |
★ | THROW |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
16 |
(17) Panampe tane sioka un kunne katak eyapkir kusne. Panampe Panampe tane now si-oka REFL-behind un ALL kunne black ka-tak string-ball e-yapkir APPL.INS-throw kus-ne going.to-COP ‘Panampe was going to throw the ball of black string behind himself.’ |
★ | THROW |
a Coding frame:
1 2 LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
17 |
(18) Poro rokunto akar hine rokunto noski ta yayeyapkiran. poro big rokunto boat a=kar IND.A=make hine and rokunto boat noski middle ta LOC yay-e-yapkir=an REFL-APPL.INS-throw=IND.S ‘I made a big boat and threw myself to the middle of the boat.’ |
★ | THROW |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
18 |
(19) Pon cep ne korka arturere poka e=kor unarpe ko-ani wa ek. pon little cep fish ne COP korka but arturere half.POSS poka only e=kor 2SG.A=have unarpe aunt ko-ani APPL.DAT-hold/carry.in.hands.SG wa and ek come.SG ‘It is a little fish but bring at least half of it to your grandmother.’ |
★ | BRING |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
19 |
(20) Kon-kani pon ku kon-kani pon ay ci=uko-ani. kon-kani gold-metal pon little ku bow kon-kani gold-metal pon little ay arrow ci=uko-ani 1PL.EXC.A=SOC-hold/carry.in.hands.SG ‘I (a god) took into my hands a small gold bow and a small gold arrow together.’ |
★ | BRING | the Verb form ko-ani (SG) / ko-anpa (PL) | 20 |
(21) Keraan pe ukoani. keraan be.delicious pe NR u-ko-ani REC-APPL.DAT-hold/carry.in.hands.SG ‘(They) brought delicious things to each other.’ |
★ | BRING |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
21 |
(22) Ukoani. uko-ani SOC-hold/carry.in.hands.SG ‘They brought it together.’ |
★ | BRING | the Verb form ko-ani (SG) / ko-anpa (PL) | 22 |
(23) Kuneywa isimne an akusu ayuputari sorekusu cip sikno kane cep kor wa arki pa. kuneywa in.the.morning isimne next.day an exist.SG akusu then a=yup-utar-i IND.A=elder.brother-PL-POSS sorekusu especially cip boat sik-no be.full-ADV kane while cep fish kor have wa and arki come.PL pa PL ‘The next morning, older brothers brought home a boatful of fish.’ |
★ | BRING |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
23 |
(24) Anna anak wakka kor wa ek, wa en=kore. Anna Anna anak TOP wakka water kor have wa and ek come.SG wa and en=kor-e 1SG.O=have-CAUS ‘Anna brought me some water. /lit. Anna brought water and gave it to me.’ |
★ | BRING | the Verb form kor wa ek (SG) / arki (PL) | 24 |
(25) Aynu nimara Iskar emko kor nispa eun nea nispa kor pa p opitta rura pa. aynu human/Ainu nimar-a half-POSS Iskar Ishikari emko upstream kor have nispa rich.man eun DAT nea that nispa rich.man kor have pa PL p NR opitta all rúra carry pa PL ‘The (remaining) half of the Ainu carried all of that rich man’s belongings to the the rich man at Upstream Ishikari.’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
1 2+(e)un 3 subj[1].obj[3].V |
25 |
(26) Aynurakkur kamuy akarku an kusukeraypo akor turesi aikorura. Aynurakkur Ainurakkur kamuy god a=karku IND.A=nephew.POSS an exist.SG kusu-keray-po because-by.favour.of-DIM a=kor IND.A=have turesi younger.sister a=i=ko-rura IND.A=IND.O=APPL.DAT-carry ‘Thanks to my divine nephew Ainurakkur my younger sister has been carried to me.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
26 |
(27) Nea kotan pa un nispa macihi ewtanne kur, kotan pa un kur uni o p yayteknata cip or un rura. nea that kotan village pa upper.part un belong.to nispa rich.man mac-ihi wife-POSS e-utar-ne APPL.INS-kin-COP kur man kotan village pa upper.part un belong.to kur man uni house o put.in p NR yayteknata by.onself cip boat or place un ALL rúra carry ‘The man who married the wife of the elder from above the village carried the things from the house of the man from above the village to his boat.’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
1 2+(e)un 3 subj[1].obj[3].V |
27 |
(28) Konto cepruraan. konto then cep-rura=an fish-carry=IND.S ‘Then I carried the fish.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
28 |
(29) Konto kotan kor utar ne yakka apumakore pa wa irura pa. konto then kotan village kor have utar PL ne COP yak-ka if-even a=puma-kor-e IND.A=wage-have-CAUS pa PL wa and i-rura APASS-carry pa PL ‘(I carried the things that the wise man had owned.) Then I paid the villagers and they carried (the things).’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
29 |
(30) Ukorura. uko-rura SOC-carry ‘Bring sth/sb together. / He/She brought them together.’ |
★ | CARRY | the Verb form rúra | 30 |
(31) Ito enumitanne nesko ukorura. Ito Ito enumitanne honeysuckle nesko walnut uko-rura SOC-carry ‘Ito carried honeysuckle and walnut together.’ |
★ | CARRY | the Verb form rúra | 31 |
(32) Akon yupi siknure wa akor kotanu akor casi orura wa ikorpare yan. a=kor IND.A=have yup-i elder.brother-POSS siknu-re save-CAUS wa and a=kor IND.A=have kotan-u village-POSS a=kor IND.A=have casi castle o-rura APPL.LOC-carry wa and i=kor-pa-re IND.O=have-PL-CAUS yan IMP.POL ‘Please for my sake save my brother and carry him to my village and my castle.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Locative applicative o- |
32 |
(33) Seta oyakata eun arpare. seta dog oyakata master eun DAT arpa-re go.SG-CAUS ‘(He instructed us to) send him to the dog master.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
33 |
(34) Ora suy mosirkarkamuy eun, sonkopayere hawe ene an hi. ora then suy again mosir-kar-kamuy world-make-god eun DAT sonko-paye-re message-go.PL-CAUS hawe REP.EV ene like.this an exist.SG hi NR ‘Then they send the following message to the world-creator god.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
34 |
(35) Anna ninup enkore. Anna Anna ninup sewing en=kor-e 1SG.O=have-CAUS ‘Anna gave me a sewing (lit. let me have a sewing).’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
35 |
(36) Itura utar apumakore sinep sinep ki ruwe ne hine ase. i=tura IND.O=accompany utar people a=puma-kor-e IND.A=wage-have-CAUS sinep one.thing.CL sinep one.thing.CL ki do.AUX ruwe INF.EV ne COP hine and a=se IND.A=carry ‘We paid each person who came with us to carry the things down.’ |
★ | GIVE | the Verb form kor-e (SG)/kor-pa-re (PL) | 36 |
(37) Akor ninup Anna kor ninup, aukorpare. a=kor IND.A=have ninup sewing Anna Anna kor have ninup sewing a=u-kor-pa-re IND.A=REC-have-PL-CAUS ‘As to my sewing and Anna’s sewing, we (you and I) gave (them) to each other (lit. let each other have them).’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
37 |
(38) Epon hi wano aeciukore kunihi aye kor okaan ruwe ne. e=pon 2SG.S=little hi time wa-no ABL-ADV a=eci=u-kor-e IND.A=2PL.O=REC-have-CAUS kuni-hi going.to-COMP a=ye IND.A=say kor and oka=an exist.PL=IND.S ruwe INF.EV ne COP ‘Since your childhood we agreed to give you (as bride and bridegroom) to each other, and so we live (lit. let you have each other).’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Object-oriented reciprocal |
38 |
(39) Mokor uske ecinukare kusne na. mokor sleep usi-ke place-POSS eci=nukar-e 1SG.A+2SG.O=see-CAUS kusu-ne going.to-COP na FIN ‘I will show you the bed.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
39 |
(40) Apoutari aacautari anukare somo ki yak wen kusu ... a=po-utar-i IND.A=child-PL-POSS a=aca-utar-i IND.A=uncle-PL-POSS a=nukar-e IND.A=see-CAUS somo NEG ki do.AUX yak if wen be.bad kusu because ‘We had to show our children to uncles, so...’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
40 |
(41) Kamuy ka neno ainukare, eani ka neno ainukare ruwe ne na. kamuy god ka also ne-no COP-ADV a=i=nukar-e IND.A=IND.O=see-CAUS eani 2SG ka also ne-no COP-ADV a=i=nukar-e IND.A=IND.O=see-CAUS ruwe INF.EV ne COP na FIN ‘(I did not swallow snakes.) I have just shown myself like this to the gods, I have shown myself like this to you.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
41 |
(42) Anna huci matanpusi unukare. Anna Anna huci grandmother matanpusi headband u-nukar-e REC-see-CAUS ‘Anna and granny showed each other their headbands.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
42 |
(43) Iteki sikunnukare! iteki PROH si-kur-nukar-e REFL-appearance-see-CAUS ‘Don't show me to him (lit. Don't let him see my appearance!)!’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
43 |
(44) Paycar sey kuytop sinukare wa kinno. paycar March sey shell.fish kuytop wild.goose si-nukar-e REFL-see-CAUS wa and kinno be.fat ‘In March, the shell fish wanted to show itself to the wild goose and got fat.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
44 |
(45) Okikurmi aynu pito esinukare ki rok oka? Okikurmi Okikurmi aynu human/Ainu pito god e=si-nukar-e 2SG.A=REFL-see-CAUS ki do.AUX rok PERF.PL oka exist.PL ‘Have you shown your nude body (lit. yourself) to the human god Okikurmi?’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
45 |
(46) Matkaci saranip sucihi konuyna. matkaci girl saranip basket sut-ihi grandmother-POSS ko-nuyna APPL.DAT-hide ‘The girl hid the basket from her grandmother.’ |
★ | HIDE |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
46 |
(47) Aosoro ne usi asapaha ne usi ayaykonuyna. a=osor-o IND.A=buttock-POSS ne COP usi place.POSS a=sapa-ha IND.A=head-POSS ne COP usi place.POSS a=yay-ko-nuyna IND.A=REFL-APPL.DAT-hide ‘I hid my buttocks and head by pulling them to my body (lit. hid at myself).’ |
★ | HIDE | the Verb form ko-nuyna | 47 |
(48) Ahokuhu ka tepaha ka mipihi ka akososo kuni. a=hoku-hu IND.A=husband-POSS ka also tepa-ha loincloth-POSS ka also mi-p-ihi wear-NR-POSS ka also a=ko-sos-o IND.A=APPL.DAT-peel-CAUS kun-i going.to-COMP ‘(I sang) that I would take from my husband his loincloth and clothes.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
48 |
(49) Munihi anuwenuwe akerkeri wa soy ao. mun-ihi rubbish-POSS a=nu-w-e-nu-w-e IND.A=sweep-EP-CAUS-sweep-EP-CAUS a=ker-keri IND.A=scrap-scrap wa and soy outside a=o IND.A=put.in.PL ‘I vigorously swept the rubbish and scrapped it and took it off outside.’ |
★ | WIPE |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
49 |
(50) Cise onnay anuwenuwe apirupiru. cise house onnay inside a=nu-w-e-nu-w-e IND.A=wipe-EP-CAUS-sweep-EP-CAUS a=pir-u-pir-u IND.A=wipe-CAUS-wipe-CAUS ‘I swept and wiped inside the house with all my might.’ |
★ | WIPE |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
50 |
(51) Orowa iahunke kuni menoko munnuwe humi as. orowa then i=ahun-ke IND.O=enter.SG-CAUS kuni in.order menoko woman mun-nu-w-e rubbish-wipe-EP-CAUS humi NONVIS.EV as stand.SG ‘Then it sounded as if, in order to let me in, the woman was sweeping.’ |
★ | WIPE | the Verb form nu-w-e (SG)/nú-pa (PL) | 51 |
(52) Surku kamuy utar ka teyne pokna mosir akonuwe kusu ne sekor haweanan. surku aconite kamuy god utar PL ka also teyne be.wet pokna be.low mosir world a=ko-nu-w-e IND.A=APPL.DAT-wipe-EP-CAUS kusu in.order ne COP sekor QUOT hawean=an say.SG=IND.S ‘We wished that the Aconite-poison gods would be wiped away to hell (=wet low country).’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
52 |
(53) Inuwe wenpe. i-nu-w-e APASS-wipe-EP-CAUS wen-pe be.bad-thing ‘Total devastation by war [or flood].’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
53 |
(54) Toan nitek noko ani tuye yan. toan that ni-tek tree/wood-hand noko saw ani INST tuy-e cut-CAUS yan IMP.POL ‘Cut that branch with a saw.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
1 2 (3+ani) subj[1].obj[2].V |
54 |
(55) Aramu rok pe... apaotki ne manu p emus etuye. a=ramu IND.A=think rok PERF.PL pe NR apa-otki door-attach.to.bamboo.blind ne COP manu called p NR emus sword e-tuy-e APPL.INS-cut-CAUS ‘The man I was thinking about...cut the thing called a door bamboo blind with a sword.’ |
★ | CUT | the Verb form tuy-e (SG) / tuy-pa (PL) | 55 |
(56) Aynu utar cep ronnu kor munin cikuni ani kikkikpa. aynu human/Ainu utar PL cep fish ronnu kill.PL kor while munin be.rotten cikuni tree ani INST kik-kik-pa hit-hit-PL ‘To kill fish the Ainu hit it repeatedly with a piece of rotten wood.’ |
★ | BEAT |
a Coding frame:
1 2 (3+ani) subj[1].obj[2].V |
56 |
(57) Mimtuci ukokikkik hine rayke ruwe ene an hi ne. mimtuci mermaid uko-kik-kik SOC-beat-beat hine and ray-ke die-CAUS ruwe INF.EV ene like.this an exist.SG hi NR ne COP ‘They have beaten the mermaid altogether and killed him.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
57 |
(58) Ne hekattar aukokikkik aukoronnu anki yaynuan a korka. ne this hekattar children a=uko-kik-kik IND.A=SOC-beat-beat a=uko-ronnu IND.A=SOC-kill.PL anki be.close.to yay-nu=an REFL-hear=IND.S a PERF.SG korka but ‘I thought I was close to smashing and killing these children altogether.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
58 |
(59) Anteke ni anekikkik. an=tek-e IND.A=hand-POSS ni tree/wood an=e-kik-kik IND.A=APPL.INS-beat-beat ‘I repeatedly struck my hand on the tree (because I killed my brothers).’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
59 |
(60) Yaykikkikan hopunpaan hine. yay-kik-kik=an REFL-beat-beat=IND.A hopunpa=an jump.PL=IND.S hine and ‘I hit myself repeatedly and jumped.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
60 |
(61) Emus hene tasiro hene ruyke wa, ani (aresu cape) rayke. emus sword hene also tasiro knife hene also ruyke sharpen wa and ani INST a=resu IND.A=raise cape cat ray-ke die-CAUS ‘Sharpen your sword and your mountain knife, and kill the cat (that we used to have) with them.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
61 |
(62) Tumikor wa urayke. tumi-kor war-have wa and u-ray-ke REC-die-CAUS ‘Fight and kill each other.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
62 |
(63) Aiukorayke. a=i=uko-ray-ke IND.A=IND.O=SOC-die-CAUS ‘(I felt) I will be killed (by my siblings and parents).’ |
★ | KILL | the Verb form ray-ke (SG) / ronnu (PL) | 63 |
(64) Yayrayke. yay-ray-ke REFL-die-CAUS ‘Kill oneself. / He/she killed himself/herself.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
64 |
(65) Ahunan pakno (ni ani) cip puta aperpa ruwe ne. ahun=an enter.SG=IND.S pak-no till-ADV ni tree/wood ani INST cip boat puta lid a=per-pa IND.A=break-PL ruwe INF.EV ne COP ‘He broke the boat lids (with the stick) until (it was possible) to enter them.’ |
★ | BREAK |
a Coding frame:
1 2 (3+ani) subj[1].obj[2].V |
65 |
(66) Kumi p perke. ku=mi 1SG.A=wear p NR per-ke break-ACAUS ‘My garment is torn.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Anticausative |
66 |
(67) Oro ta asucihi tasiro ani ki mose wa ani pon cise kar. or-o place-POSS ta LOC a=sut-ihi IND.A=grandmother-POSS tasiro knife ani INST ki reeds mose mow wa and ani INST pon little cise house kar make ‘Grandmother then cut reed grass with her mountain knife and built a small house with that reed grass where they lived.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
1 2 (3+ani) subj[1].obj[2].V |
67 |
(68) Orano te ta cisekaran. or-o-no place-POSS-ADV te here ta LOC cise-kar=an house-make=IND.S ‘So, I built a house here.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
68 |
(69) Ene okay noya pon ay nep aekar pe ta an a? ene like.this okay exist.PL noya mugwort pon little ay arrow nep what a=e-kar IND.A=APPL.INS-make pe NR ta EMP an exist.SG a FIN ‘What do you use for this these small mugwort arrows?’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
69 |
(70) Anan hi, nea pon menoko, ahokuhu eun ye noyne. an=an exist.SG=IND.S hi NR nea that pon young menoko woman a=hoku-hu IND.A=husband-POSS eun DAT ye say noyne seem ‘It seemed that that young woman said to my husband that I was (there).’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
1 2+(e)un 3 subj[1].obj[3].V |
70 |
(71) Uye. u-ye REC-say ‘They quarreled with each other.’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
71 |
(72) Sinrit oruspe anenure na. sinrit ancestor oruspe story an=e=nu-re IND.A=2SG.O=hear-CAUS na FIN ‘I will tell you the story of the ancestors.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
72 |
(73) Nea poniwne noyne an okkaypo … aep su esikte pa. nea that pon-iw-ne young-human-COP noyne seem an exist.SG okkay man aep food su pot e-sik-te APPL.INS-be.full-CAUS pa PL ‘That younger man …filled the pot with food (to cook it).’ |
★ | FILL |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
73 |
(74) Aeinure. a=e=i-nu-re IND.A=2SG.O=APASS-hear-CAUS ‘You will be notified.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
74 |
(75) Kamuy or wa okamkir ene aeyaynure. kamuy god or place wa ABL okamkir on.purpose ene like.this a=e=yay-nu-re IND.A=2SG.O=REFL-hear-CAUS ‘I made you think that I am a god on purpose.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
75 |
(76) Tomesan peci Sinutapka ekotankor kur aynu nispa a=sonkonure kusu keraypo... Tomesan Tomesan pet-i river-POSS Sinutapka Sinutapka e-kotan-kor APPL.INS-village-have kur man aynu human/Ainu nispa rich.man a=sonko-nu-re IND.A=message-hear-CAUS kusu because keraypo thanks ‘Thanks to my sending message to the Ainu rich man, a village chief of Shinutapka at Tomesan river...’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
76 |
(77) Cise kor tono umurek… usa okay pe iekoysoytak. cise house kor have tono master umurek couple usa various okay exist.PL pe NR i=e-ko-isoytak IND.O=APPL.INS-APPL.DAT-tell.story ‘The couple of the master of the house told me stories about various things.’ |
★ | TELL |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
77 |
(78) Nep ka kamuy oruspe hene teeta aynu oruspe hene aewkoysoytak wa. nep what ka also kamuy god oruspe story hene even teeta old.times aynu human/Ainu oruspe story hene even a=e-u-ko-isoytak IND.A=APPL.INS-REC-APPL.DAT-tell.story wa and ‘We told to each other various stories about gods and about the Ainu of the past.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
78 |
(79) Ataye aenkotak kor kan. atay-e payment-POSS a=en=ko-tak IND.A=1SG.O=APPL.DAT-call/invite/get kor and k=an 1SG.S=exist.SG ‘They are asking me for the payment (lit. 'the payment for (it)' as is expressed by the possessive marking).’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
79 |
(80) Piskan kotan oro un nispa utar rametok utar sikotak ranke ronno wa isam. piskan around kotan village or-o place-POSS un ALL nispa rich.man utar PL rametok brave.man utar PL si-ko-tak REFL-APPL.DAT-call/invite/get ranke HAB ronno kill.PL wa and isam not.exist ‘Each time he invited to his place (lit. to him) rich men and brave men from surounding villages, he killed them.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
80 |
(81) Sekor okay pe nesi iekoytak. sekor QUOT okay exist.PL pe NR nesi really i=e-ko-itak IND.O=APPL.INS-APPL.DAT-say/talk ‘He really talked to me about these matters.’ |
★ | TALK |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
81 |
(82) Iramante oruspe sorekusu aeukoytak pa. iramante hunt oruspe story sorekusu especially a=e-u-ko-itak IND.A=APPL.INS-REC-APPL.DAT-say/talk pa PL ‘(At night, we would gather and) and talk about hunting and other things.’ |
★ | TALK | the Verb form e-ko-itak | 82 |
(83) Ora Iskar emkoho kor okkaypo utar iamkir pa p ne. ora then Iskar Ishikari emko-ho upstream-POSS kor and okkay-po man-DIM utar PL i=amkir IND.O=know pa PL p NR ne COP ‘Even the youngsters from Upstream Ishikari knew me.’ |
★ | KNOW |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
83 |
(84) Yayamkir. yay-amkir REFL-know ‘Know yourself! (imperative) / He/she knows him/herself.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
84 |
(85) Payean ciki esiramkir ya? paye=an go.PL=IND.S ciki if e=sir-amkir 2SG.S=ground/world-know ya Q ‘Do you remember the way if we were to go there?’ |
★ | KNOW | the Verb form amkir | 85 |
(86) Ekasi húci nukar. ekasi grandfather húci grandmother nukar see ‘Grandfather saw grandmother.’ |
★ | MEET |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
86 |
(87) Re pa ka somo unukaran a wa. re three pa year ka even somo NEG u-nukar=an REC-see=exist.SG a PERF.SG wa FIN ‘We haven't seen each other for three years.’ |
★ | MEET |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
87 |
(88) Konukar. ko-nukar APPL.DAT-see ‘Compare sth with sth / he/she compares sth with sth.’ |
★ | MEET |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
88 |
(89) Ni ka un inkar wa inukar. ni tree/wood ka top un ALL inkar look wa and i=nukar IND.O=see ‘The pup looked up at the tree and then looked at me.’ |
★ | MEET |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
89 |
(90) Ponpetteksama aoinkar kor pon pet etoko un arpaan. pon-pet-teksam-a little-river-near-side.of a=o-inkar IND.A=APPL.LOC-look kor and pon little pet river etok-o source-POSS un ALL arpa=an go.SG=IND.S ‘As I looked at the side of (this) little river, I went to the source of (this) little river.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Locative applicative o- |
90 |
(91) Wakkaus kamuy ratcitara payekaas kuni enkoinkar yan! wakka-us water-attach kamuy god ratcitara peacefully payeka=as travel=1PL.EXC.S kuni COMP en=ko-inkar 1SG.O=APPL.DAT-look yan IMP.POL ‘Water goddess! Please please protect us in our trip!’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
91 |
(92) Enkimatekka. en=kimatek-ka 1SG.O=be.surprised-CAUS ‘He frightened me.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
92 |
(93) Ekimatekka. e-kimatek-ka APPL.INS-be.surprised-CAUS ‘Hurry somebody about something.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
93 |
(94) Autari utar ukimatekka. a=utar-i IND.A=people-POSS utar PL u-kimatek-ka REC-be.surprised-CAUS ‘Our people had a great fuss.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN | the Verb form kimatek-ka | 94 |
(95) Tane kimun kamuy ka isitoma. tane now kim-un mountain-belong.to kamuy god ka also i=sitoma IND.O=fear ‘That bear is afraid of me as well.’ |
★ | FEAR |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
95 |
(96) Aynu opitta... akositoma wa. aynu human/Ainu opitta all a=ko-sitoma IND.A=APPL.DAT-fear wa and ‘All the Ainu are afraid of (smallpox from a smallpox god).’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
96 |
(97) Wen kamuy ne wa ausitomare kor siran pe ne a p. wen be.bad kamuy god ne COP wa and a=u-sitoma-re IND.A=REC-fear-CAUS kor and sir-an ground/world-exist.SG pe NR ne COP a PERF.SG p NR ‘It is an evil god, so we are altogether afraid of him.’ |
★ | FEAR | the Verb form sitoma | 97 |
(98) Wen kur sani, ne hi iyekoyki, pe ne kusu po hene yaysitomaan wa. wen bad kur person san-i descendant-POSS ne COP hi COMP i=y-e-koyki IND.O=EP-APPL.INS-bully pe NR ne COP kusu because po still.more hene even yay-sitoma=an REFL-fear=IND.S wa and ‘I felt even more ashamed because they bullied me that I was the descendant of a poor/bad person / lit. bullied that she is the descendant of a poor/bad person.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
98 |
(99) Ohaw eeramasu ya? ohaw soup e=eramasu 2SG.A=like ya Q ‘Do you like soup?’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
99 |
(100) Sisamutari katkemat eneramasuy pe ka okay. sisam-utar-i Japanese-people-POSS katkemat married.woman en=eramasuy 1SG.O=like pe NR ka also okay exist.PL ‘(Among) the Japanese women, there were those who liked me.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
100 |
(101) Uweramasu. u-w-eramasu REC-EP-like ‘(They) like each other/sleep.’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
101 |
(102) Akor huci akor ekasi earkinne iomap wa. a=kor IND.A=have huci grandmother a=kor IND.A=have ekasi grandfather earkinne very i=omap IND.O=love wa and ‘Grandfather and grandmother loved me dearly.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
102 |
(103) Uwomap siri! u-w-omap REC-EP-love siri VIS.EV ‘It seems that children play with each other as friends!’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
103 |
(104) Ayuputari anak yaykata poutari omap ka somo ki no a poutari patek ikoomap pa. a=yup-utar-i IND.A=elder.brother-PL-POSS anak TOP yaykata oneself po-utar-i child-PL-POSS omap love ka even somo NEG ki do.AUX no and a=po-utar-i IND.A=child-PL-POSS patek only i=ko-omap IND.O=APPL.DAT-love pa PL ‘The brothers ignored their own children, and adored only my child.’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
104 |
(105) Ponan hi epitta ayuputari asaha iukoomap kor okaan. pon=an little=IND.S hi NR epitta throughout a=yup-utar-i IND.A=elder.brother-PL-POSS a=sa-ha IND.A=elder.sister-POSS i=uko-omap IND.O=SOC-love kor and oka=an exist.PL=IND.A ‘Throughout my childhood, my elder brother and sister cared for me, and so we lived.’ |
★ | LIKE | the Verb form omap | 105 |
(106) Ecinukar rusuy kusu te ta ecihunara. eci=nukar 1SG.A+2SG.O=see rusuy DESID kusu because te here ta LOC eci=hunara 1SG.A+2SG.O=search ‘I was searching for you here, because I wanted to meet you.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
106 |
(107) Aynuhunaraan kusu sanan a p. aynu-hunara=an human/Ainu-search=IND.S kusu because san=an descend.SG=IND.S a PERF.SG p but ‘I came down the mountain looking for people (and found this house).’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
107 |
(108) Kasi peka kuinkar wa kuihunara. kas-i top-POSS peka TRV ku=inkar 1SG.S=look wa and ku=i-hunara 1SG.S=APASS-search ‘I search looking on top of this (but did not notice it).’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
108 |
(109) ア・オナハ アナクネ シノ イソンクル ネ プ ネ クス Aonaha anakne isonkur ne p ne kusu. a=ona-ha IND.A=father-POSS anak-ne TOP-COP ison-kur be.successful.in.a.hunt-man ne COP p NR ne COP kusu because ‘My father was a really good hunter, (so everyday he brought as game a deer or bear).’ |
★ | BE A HUNTER |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
109 |
(110) Kamuy aonaha anukar nani itakan pe ne kusu. kamuy god a=ona-ha IND.A=father-POSS a=nukar IND.A=see nani immediately itak=an say/talk=IND.S pe NR ne COP kusu because ‘(I was now able to speak. ) I had met the kamui father and had immediately been able to speak.’ |
★ | MEET |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
110 |
(111) Enos ek kor an. en=os 1SG.O=behind ek come.SG kor and an exist.SG ‘He/She is following me.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
111 |
(112) Nen kane eos nen ka arki yak wen kusu... nen who ka even ne COP e=os 2SG.O=behind nen who ka even arki come.PL yak if wen bad kusu because ‘In any way, no one must follow you, so...’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
112 |
(113) Orano asaha ka akasuy. orano then a=sa-ha IND.A=older.sister-POSS ka also a=kasuy IND.A=help ‘(Older sister went down and started to gather firewood.) Then I helped older sister.’ |
★ | HELP |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
113 |
(114) Asautarihi nep ka aekasuy ka somo ki no. a=sa-utar-ihi IND.A=older.sister-PL-POSS nep what ka even a=e-kasuy IND.A=APPL.INS-help ka even somo NEG ki do.AUX no and ‘I did not help my sisters with anything.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
114 |
(115) Ukuran wano arpa wa ikasuy kor an. ukuran evening wa-no ABL-ADV arpa go.SG wa and i-kasuy APASS-help kor and an exist.SG ‘(Our grandmother) from evening went (to the place where a wife had died) and is helping there.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
115 |
(116) Cep supa kur cep supa kam supa kur kam supa kane ukasuy hine. cep fish supa cook.PL kur man cep fish supa cook.PL kam meat supa cook.PL kur man kam meat supa cook.PL kane and u-kasuy REC-help hine and ‘A man responsible for cooking fish cooked fish, and a man responsible for cooking meat cooked meat, and so they helped each other.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
116 |
(117) Yaykasuy. yay-kasuy REFL-help ‘Help oneself, be(come) independent / he/she helped himself/herself, be(came) independent.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
117 |
(118) Hemanta ee rusuy? hemanta what e=e 2SG.A=eat rusuy DESID ‘What do you want to eat?’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
118 |
(119) Asaha suke hine ipean pa ruwe ne. a=sa-ha IND.A=older.sister-POSS suke cook.SG hine and i-p-e=an APASS-EP-eat=IND.S pa PL ruwe INF.EV ne COP ‘Older sister had prepared dinner, so we ate dinner.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
119 |
(120) Ue. u-e REC-eat ‘Practice cannibalism.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
120 |
(121) Kotanu utar yuk cikoykip uk wa yuk kam uere pe ne. kotan-u village-POSS utar people yuk deer ci-koyki-p 1PL.EXC.A-catch-NR uk take.SG wa and yuk deer kam meat u-e-re REC-eat-CAUS pe NR ne COP ‘Villagers get deer gain and eat deer meat altogether.’ |
★ | EAT | the Verb form e | 121 |
(122) Nep ka ae ka akoe ka somo ki no. nep what ka even a=e IND.A=eat ka even a=ko-e IND.A=APPL.DAT-eat ka even somo NEG ki do.AUX no and ‘Whatever I ate, I ate it without (a side dish).’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
122 |
(123) Pon asaha imire kor okaan ruwe ne. pon little a=sa-ha IND.A=older.sister-POSS i-mi-re APASS-wear-CAUS kor and oka=an exist.PL=IND.S ruwe INF.EV ne COP ‘(I carried her down, and raised her.) Second older sister dressed(lit. 'made her wear cloths') her and (in this manner) we led our lives.’ |
★ | DRESS |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
123 |
(124) Sorekusu yayipere yayimire easkay pakno okaan nispa ne rokan kus. sorekusu especially yay-ipe-re REFL-eat-CAUS yay-i-mi-re REFL-APASS-wear-CAUS e-askay APPL.INS-be.able pakno till.ADV oka=an exist.PL=IND.S nispa rich.man ne as rok=an sit.PL=IND.S kus because ‘We can provide our food and we can provide the things we wear.’ |
★ | DRESS |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
124 |
(125) Orano nani usey kar nea iwatarap huraye a huraye a. orano then nani immediately usey hot.water kar make nea that iwatarap baby huraye wash a REP huraye wash a REP ‘Right away, my wife boiled some water, and washed the baby’s body carefully.’ |
★ | WASH |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
125 |
(126) Useykaran hine aneyaykopuntek yayhurayean. usey-kar=an hot.water-make=IND.A hine and an=e-yaykopuntek IND.A=APPL.INS-be.happy yay-huraye=an REFL-wash=IND.S ‘I boiled water and happily washed myself.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
126 |
(127) Kunuhu ka omke a omke a p. k=unu-hu 1SG.A=mother-POSS ka even omke cough a REP omke cough a REP p but ‘My mother coughed and coughed.’ |
★ | COUGH |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
127 |
(128) Tan nupuri or ta hemespaan ciki hokampa isam ya? tan this nupuri mountain or place ta LOC hemespa=an climb.PL=IND.S ciki if hokampa difficulty isam not.exist ya Q ‘Is it not difficult to climb this mountain?’ |
★ | CLIMB |
a Coding frame:
1 LOC2 subj[1].V |
128 |
(129) Tan nupuri atcas ne ekohemesu wa. tan this nupuri mountain atcas one.try ne as e=ko-hemesu 2SG.A=APPL.DAT-climb.SG wa and ‘You climbed this mountain at one try.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
129 |
(130) Nupuri hontom ohemesu wa. nupuri mountain hontom middle o-hemesu APPL.LOC-climb.SG wa and ‘(The fox) climbed halfway up the mountain and...’ |
★ | CLIMB |
an Alternation:
Locative applicative o- |
130 |
(131) Ne kotan kor nispa oro ta ahunan apa sam ta aan. ne this kotan village kor have nispa rich.man or-o place-POSS ta LOC ahun=an enter.SG=IND.S apa door sam near ta LOC a=an sit.SG=IND.S ‘I entered the village chief’s house, shaking all over. I sat down near the front door.’ |
★ | SIT |
a Coding frame:
1 LOC2 subj[1].V |
131 |
(132) Kim erok kamuy ne yakka inaw akorpare siri ne kusu. kim mountain e-rok APPL.INS-sit.PL kamuy god ne COP yak-ka if-even inaw prayer.stick a=kor-pa-re IND.A=have-PL-CAUS siri VIS.EV ne COP kusu because ‘Since I gave inaw-prayer sticks to gods who live in (lit. sit in) the mountains, (please protect me).’ |
★ | SIT |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
132 |
(133) Itukari ta ek hi kusu, mono aan. i=tukari IND.O=front ta LOC ek come.SG hi NR kusu because mono quietly a=an sit.SG=IND.S ‘He came right in front of me, so I sat down properly (on the floor).’ |
★ | SIT |
a Coding frame:
1 LOC2 subj[1].V |
133 |
(134) Matne ekaci hoyupu kusu cinukar kusu payeas. mat-ne woman-COP ekaci child hoyupu run.SG kusu because ci=nukar 1PL.EXC.A=see kusu in.order paye=as go.PL=1PL.EXC.S ‘It was the girls' running contest (lit. 'since girls ran'), so we went to watch it.’ |
★ | RUN |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
134 |
(135) Ram cikuni hap kitayke aehoyupu. ram low cikuni tree hap treetop kitayke top a=e-hoyupu IND.A=APPL.INS-run.SG ‘I ran over tree tops of low trees.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
135 |
(136) Cikoykip uhoyuppare uterkere siri annukar. ci-koyki-p 1PL.EXC.A-catch-NR u-hoyuppa-re REC-run.PL-CAUS u-terke-re REC-jump-CAUS siri VIS.EV an=nukar IND.A=see ‘I saw wild beasts running and jumping around.’ |
★ | RUN | the Verb form hoyupu (SG)/hoyuppa (PL) | 136 |
(137) Hemanta iesikari hine orowano ekimne iehoyupu humi as. hemanta something i=esikari IND.O=grab hine and or-o-wa-no place-POSS-ABL-ADV ekimne to.the.mountains i=e-hoyupu IND.O=APPL.INS-run.SG humi NONVIS.EV as stand.SG ‘It felt as if someone grabbed me and then ran to the mountains, holding me.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
137 |
(138) Rorunso or peka tennep tetterke. ror-un-so place.of.honour-belong.to-seat or place peka TRV tennep baby tetterke jump ‘The baby jumped on the seat of honor.’ |
★ | JUMP |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
138 |
(139) "Aunarpehe" sekor haweoka kor asucihi kotetterke pa. a=unarpe-he IND.A=aunt-POSS sekor QUOT haweoka say.PL kor and a=sut-ihi IND.A=grandmother-POSS ko-tetterke APPL.DAT-jump pa PL ‘"Grandmother" the young men said and jumping at my grandmother ( they embraced her, crying).’ |
★ | JUMP |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
139 |
(140) Tu takne nisi re takne nisi ukotetterke. tu two takne short nis-i cloud-POSS re three takne short nis-i cloud-POSS uko-tetterke SOC-jump ‘Two short clouds, three short clouds jumped altogether.’ |
★ | JUMP | the Verb form tetterke | 140 |
(141) Kuca orta arpaan rusuy. kuca hunting.cabin or place ta LOC arpa=an go.SG=IND.S rusuy DESID ‘I wanted to go to the hunting cabin.’ |
★ | GO |
a Coding frame:
1 LOC2 subj[1].V |
141 |
(142) Arkamuyasi oro aoarpa ruwe ne. ar-kamuyasi complete-devil or-o place-POSS a=o-arpa IND.A=APPL.LOC-go.SG ruwe INF.EV ne COP ‘(IfIdie at the place of devil),Iwill go to hell (lit. to the place of devil).’ |
★ | GO |
an Alternation:
Locative applicative o- |
142 |
(143) Ne wenkur okkaypo eun anakne iteki arpaan yak pirka. ne this wen-kur be.bad-man okkay-po man-DIM eun DAT anak-ne TOP-COP iteki PROH arpa go.SG =an =IND.S yak if pirka be.good ‘You must never go to that young poor man’s place.’ |
★ | GO |
a Coding frame:
1 LOC2 subj[1].V |
143 |
(144) Kuioroinkar eek ruwe un. ku=ioroinkar 1SG.S=go.sightseeing e-ek APPL.INS-come.SG ruwe INF.EV un COP ‘I came (here) for sightseeing.’ |
★ | GO |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
144 |
(145) Tan kotan ta hempak pa ean ruwe an? tan this kotan village ta LOC hempak how.many pa year e=an 2SG.S=exist.SG ruwe INF.EV an exist.SG ‘How many years have you lived in this village?’ |
★ | APPEAR |
a Coding frame:
1 LOC2 subj[1].V |
145 |
(146) Okkaypo tun pakno an ruwe ne noyne siran. okkay-po man-DIM tu-n two-thing.CL pak-no till-ADV an exist.SG ruwe INF.EV ne COP noyne seem sir-an ground/world-exist.SG ‘It seemed that there appeared two men (on the road).’ |
★ | APPEAR |
a Coding frame:
1 LOC2 subj[1].V |
146 |
(147) Hempara cup kamuy hetuku ruwe an? hempara when cup moon kamuy god hetuku appear.SG ruwe INF.EV an exist.SG ‘What time does the moon appear?’ |
★ | APPEAR |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
147 |
(148) Káni ka sinotca kuki kusune na. káni I ka even sinotca song ku=ki 1SG.A=do kusu-ne going.to-COP na FIN eani 2SG.S/A/O hem also/and sinotca song ki do yan IMP.POL ‘I will sing a song, so you should also sing.’ |
★ | SING |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
148 |
(149) Akor huci sinotcaki kor wakkata. Sinotcaki kor suke ike, ... a=kor IND.A=have huci grandmother sinotca-ki song-do kor while wakka-ta water-dig sinotca-ki song-do kor while suke cook hike and ‘Grandmother would sing while drawing water and she would sing while preparing meals...’ |
★ | SING |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
149 |
(150) Tan ay ani acotca ciki kamuy ray ruwe an? tan this ay arrow ani INST a=cotca IND.A=shoot ciki if kamuy bear ray die ruwe INF.EV an exist.SG ‘Will a bear die if this arrow hits it?’ |
★ | DIE |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
150 |
(151) Amut emusi notak kasike eray kuni p ene ruwe ne na! a=mut IND.A=wear.sword emus-i sword-POSS notak edge kas-i-ke top-POSS-place e-ray APPL.INS-die kuni should p NR e=ne 2SG.A=COP ruwe INF.EV ne COP na FIN ‘You will die at the edge of the sword that I wear!’ |
★ | DIE |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
151 |
(152) Poro nitne kamuy sapa kasi un iyutani okkayo hacir rok awa. poro big nitne fierce kamuy god sapa head.POSS kas-i top-POSS un ALL i-y-uta-ni APASS-EP-grind-tree okkayo man hácir fall rok PERF.PL awa and ‘The pestle men fell on the head of the big fierce god.’ |
★ | FALL |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
152 |
(153) Ene ae rusuy ene iperusuyan pe ... ene like.this a=e IND.A=eat rusuy DESID ene like.this i-p-e-rusuy=an APASS-EP-eat-DESID=IND.S pe but ‘Even though I was so hungry and wanted to eat, ...’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
153 |
(154) Apto as. apto rain as stand.SG ‘It rained.’ |
★ | RAIN |
a Coding frame:
V |
154 |
(155) Orano akor son utar ona ne ye pa kor. orano then a=kor IND.A=have son child utar PL ona father ne MUT ye say pa PL kor and ‘(He came in and sat down). Calling (him) “Father”, (my children jumped all over him).’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
1 2+(e)un 3 subj[1].obj[3].V |
155 |
(156) Ene “wenkur okkaypo” sekor aiye p ne a korka. ene like.this wen-kur be.bad-man okkay-po man-DIM sekor QUOT a=i=ye IND.A=IND.O=say p NR ne COP a PERF.SG korka but ‘Once they called me a “young poor man”.’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
1 2+(e)un 3 subj[1].obj[3].V |
156 |
(157) Apohoutari ne yakka koinkar siri ne kuni kuramu. a=po-ho-utar-i IND.A=child-POSS-PL-POSS ne COP yak-ka if-even ko-inkar APPL.DAT-look siri VIS.EV ne COP kun-i going.to-NR ku=ramu 1SG.A=think ‘I thought that (the gods) are going to protect my sons.’ |
★ | THINK |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
157 |
(158) Tuki uk yan. tuki wine.cup uk take.SG yan IMP.POL ‘Please take a wine cup.’ |
★ | GET | the Verb form ko-uk (SG) / ko.uyna (PL) | 158 |
(159) Tan toy oro wa makanak pakno auk ruwe an? tan this toy earth or-o place-POSS wa ABL makanak what pak-no till-ADV a=uk IND.A=take.SG ruwe INF.EV an exist.SG ‘What can one grow on this plot? / lit. How much can one get from this plot?’ |
★ | GET |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
159 |
(160) Poro soukan. poro big so-uk=an debt-take.SG=IND.S ‘They have large debts.’ |
★ | GET | the Verb form ko-uk (SG) / ko.uyna (PL) | 160 |
(161) Rapokke nea okkaypo ani kik kuni, kisma hum pirkano an, an cikuni tuye. rapok-ke between-POSS nea that okkay-po man-DIM ani INST kik beat kuni in.order kisma grab hum sound/feeling pirka-no be.good-ADV an exist.SG an exist.SG cikuni tree/wood tuy-e cut-CAUS ‘Then that young man cut a tree (such that) the feeling is good of grabbing (it) [i.e. which fits his hand] in order to beat with (it). / lit. Then that young man cut a tree_i [(such that) the sound/feeling j [(that) he grabs __i in order to beat with __i] is good].’ |
★ | HIT |
a Coding frame:
1 2 (3+ani) subj[1].obj[2].V |
161 |
(162) Nea cip ka pira tom aekik hine. nea that cip boat ka also pira cliff tom middle a=e-kik IND.A=APPL.INS-hit hine and ‘That boat was hit against the cliff.’ |
★ | HIT |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
162 |
(163) Nan kokik. nan face ko-kik APPL.DAT-hit ‘To slap the face.’ |
★ | HIT |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
163 |
(164) Aniukokik wa. an=i=uko-kik IND.A=IND.O=SOC-hit wa and ‘I was hit by everyone.’ |
★ | HIT | the Verb form kik | 164 |
(165) Sekor aehawekoyki nankor. sekor QUOT a=e=haw-e-koyki IND.A=2SG.O=voice-APPL.INS-bully nankor probably ‘(Say quickly!...) They will probably shout at you like this.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
165 |
(166) Nerok utar ehawekoyki wa. nerok that utar people e-haw-e-koyki APPL.INS-voice-APPL.INS-bully wa and ‘(My husband) shouted at those people (because of that).’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
166 |
(167) Ene poro horkew ahun wa... katkemat utar hurarakkar kor...ihurarakkar. ene like.this poro big horkew wolf ahun enter.SG wa and katkemat married.woman utar PL hura-rak-kar scent-smell-make kor and i=hura-rak-kar IND.O=scent-smell-make ‘A huge wolf came in, smelled the women and smelled me.’ |
★ | SMELL |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
167 |
(168) Iwatarap akorsi akisma w anrimseka. iwatarap baby a=korsi IND.A=child.POSS a=kisma IND.A=hug wa and an=rimse-ka IND.A=dance-CAUS ‘I hugged the baby and made him dance.’ |
★ | HUG |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
168 |
(169) Aniukokisma. an=i=uko-kisma IND.A=IND.O=SOC-hug ‘I was hugged (by my elder brother and sister).’ |
★ | HUG | the Verb form kisma | 169 |
(170) Apunitara aeyaykewtum ka/kokisma kane. apunitara peacefully a=e-yay-kewtum IND.A=APPL.INS-REFL-feeling ka also ko-kisma APPL.DAT-hug kane and ‘I have peacefully calmed myself down.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
170 |
(171) Nep ka kukar ka somoki no, kuyaytekkisma kor kan kor earkinne ku-mismu. nep what ka even ku=kar 1SG.A=make ka even somo NEG ki do.AUX no and ku=yay-tek-kisma 1SG.A=REFL-hand-hug kor and k=an 1SG.S=exist.SG kor while earkinne very ku=mismu 1SG.S=be.sad ‘I had nothing to do and felt really bored keeping my hands in pockets.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
171 |
(172) Utekkisma. u-tek-kisma REC-hand-hug ‘Hold each other's hands.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
172 |
(173) Santek kata ukisma. san-tek descend.SG-hand ka top ta LOC u-kisma REC-hug ‘Hold each other's arms / show affection to each other.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
173 |
(174) Sama ta aekasi cep aukosina p ne apekor an pe, ran hine oraun ehonkokisma. sam-a near-POSS ta LOC a=ekas-i IND.A=grandfather-POSS cep fish a=u-ko-sina IND.A=REC-APPL.DAT-bind p NR ne COP a-pekor PERF-as.if an exist.SG pe NR ran come.down.SG hine and oraun then e-hon-ko-kisma head.PF-belly-APPL.DAT-hug/grab ‘Something that looked like a bundle of fish came down near my grandfather, then he tucked it at his belly.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
174 |
(175) エ・サパハ ク・メムケ Esapaha kumemke. e=sapa-ha 2SG.A=head-POSS ku=memke 1SG.A=shave ‘I will shave your head.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
175 |
(176) エ・ナヌフ メムケ=髭を剃れ. Enanuhu memke. e=nan-uhu 2SG.A=face-POSS memke shave ‘Shave your beard.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
176 |
(177) Anyupihi utar yaymemke. an=yup-ihi IND.A=elder.brother-POSS utar PL yay-memke REFL-shave ‘My brothers shaved their beards.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
177 |
(178) Sikraprapu. sik-rap-rap-u eye-flap.wings-flap.wings-CAUS ‘Blink / He/she blinks.’ |
★ | BLINK |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
178 |
(179) Umurek utar inukar wa, mina kane okay. umurek couple utar people i=nukar IND.O=see wa and mina laugh kane and.so.on okay exist.PL ‘A couple saw me, smiled and so on.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
179 |
(180) Aemina kor anan akusu. a=e-mina IND.A=APPL.INS-laugh kor and an=an exist.SG=IND.S akusu then ‘I laughed at them.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
180 |
(181) Sonno pon hekattar utar uminare kor ukesanpa wa. sonno really pon little hekattar children utar PL u-mina-re REC-laugh-CAUS kor and u-kesanpa REC-chase wa and ‘Indeed, little children are laughing and chasing each other.’ |
★ | LAUGH | the Verb form mina | 181 |
(182) Toy tum un nep ka kirirse haw as pekor hawas hawas. toy earth tum inside un ALL nep who ka even kirirse scream haw voice as stand.SG pekor as.if haw-as voice-stand.SG haw-as voice-stand.SG ‘It sounded as if there was someone screaming in the ground.’ |
★ | SCREAM |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
182 |
(183) Ukokirirsepa yakka kirirsepa. uko-kirirse-pa SOC-scream-PL yak-ka if-even kirirse-pa scream-PL ‘Even if everyone screams altogether...’ |
★ | SCREAM | the Verb form kirirse | 183 |
(184) Nisatta tunasno tan kotan wa kuarpa kusne na. nisat-ta dawn-LOC tunas-no be.early-ADV tan this kotan village wa ABL ku=arpa 1SG.S=go.SG kusu-ne going.to-COP na FIN ‘I will leave this village early tomorrow.’ |
★ | GO |
a Coding frame:
1 LOC2 subj[1].V |
184 |
(185) Kukemaha kukoni. ku=kema-ha 1SG.A=leg-POSS ku=koni 1SG.A=be.in.pain.at ‘My leg hurts.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
185 |
(186) Ikoni. i-koni APASS-be.in.pain.at ‘Give birth / she gave birth.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
186 |
(187) Kukokkasapa arka korka, kunetopake anak totek pe ne kusu. ku=kokka-sapa 1SG.A=knee-head.POSS arka hurt korka but ku=netopake 1SG.A=body.POSS anak TOP totek be.healthy pe NR ne COP kusu because ‘My knees hurt, but my body is healthy.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
187 |
(188) Kamuy ne noyne an matkaci sinot kor an wa anukar a p. kamuy god ne COP noyne seem an exist.SG matkaci girl sinot play kor and an exist.SG wa and a=nukar IND.A=see a PERF.SG p but ‘(I saw that) the girl who looked like a goddess was playing.’ |
★ | PLAY |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
188 |
(189) Kikay esinot wa tun ne wa sinot kor oka. kikay machine e-sinot APPL.INS-play wa and tu-n two-human.CL ne COP wa and sinot play kor and oka exist.PL ‘The two of them are having fun, they are playing with a machine.’ |
★ | PLAY |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
189 |
(190) Emerayke ciki amip mi. e=me-ray-ke 2SG.S=cold-die-CAUS ciki if amip clothing mi wear ‘If you are cold, put on clothes.’ |
★ | FEEL COLD |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
190 |
(191) Ene mismuan kor anan humi ene an. ene like.this mismu=an be.sad=IND.S kor and an=an exist.SG=IND.S humi NONVIS.EV ene like.this an exist.SG ‘Why have I been so sad, living like this.’ |
★ | BE SAD |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
191 |
(192) Sinen ne okaan hi anemismu kus. sinen alone ne COP oka=an exist.PL=IND.S hi NR an=e-mismu IND.A=APPL.INS-be.sad kus because ‘I feel sad about being alone.’ |
★ | BE SAD |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
192 |
(193) Poro ape ari wa uhuy-ka kusu, sunku uhuy wa arpa ayne. poro big ape fire ari light wa and uhuy-ka burn-CAUS kusu because sunku fir.tree uhuy burn wa and arpa go.SG ayne finally ‘Since he lit the big fire, and burned it, the fir-tree burned (well).’ |
★ | BURN |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
193 |
(194) Ru sat. ru road sat be.dry ‘The road is dry.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
194 |
(195) Pet asam ta rer wa an. pet river asam bottom ta LOC rer sink wa and an exist.SG ‘It has sunk to the bottom of the river.’ |
★ | SINK |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
195 |
(196) Aarserkehe toy tum orer. a=ar-serke-he IND.A=one-part.POSS-POSS toy earth tum inside o-rer APPL.LOC-sink ‘Half of my body sank in the earth.’ |
★ | SINK |
an Alternation:
Locative applicative o- |
196 |
(197) Upas tum aoma wa karkarsean wa ranan. upas snow tum inside a=oma IND.A=enter.SG wa and karkarse=an roll=IND.S wa and ran=an descend.SG=IND.S ‘He fell into the snow and was rolling down.’ |
★ | ROLL |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
197 |
(198) Sintoko utar hene cise oske ta ukokarkarse. sintoko wine.vessel utar PL hene even cise house oske inside ta LOC uko-karkarse SOC-roll ‘Even wine vessels were rolling altogether inside the house.’ |
★ | ROLL | the Verb form karkarse | 198 |
(199) Tumunci utar ukoparaparak cise kokarkarse. tumunci devil utar PL uko-paraparak SOC-cry cise house ko-karkarse APPL.DAT-roll ‘Tuminchi-devils cried and rolled together with the house.’ |
★ | ROLL |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
199 |
(200) Sonno sunke sak no isepo aenkoeikka ka ki p ne a wa. sonno really sunke lie sak lack no ADV isepo hare a=en=ko-e-ikka IND.A=1SG.O=APPL.DAT-APPL.INS-steal ka even ki do p NR ne COP a PERF.SG wa and ‘Seriously, a hare has been stolen from me.’ |
★ | STEAL |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
200 |
(201) Amacihi anakne menokopo menoko monrayke epakasnu. a=mac-ihi IND.A=wife-POSS anak-ne TOP-COP menoko-po woman-DIM menoko woman monrayke work e-pakasnu APPL.INS-teach ‘My wife taught women’s work to (our) daughters.’ |
★ | TEACH |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
201 |
(202) Aenepakasnu p ne ruwe ne. a=en=e-pakasnu IND.A=1SG.O=APPL.INS-teach p thing ne COP ruwe INF.EV ne COP ‘This is what I have been taught about.’ |
★ | TEACH |
a Coding frame:
1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
202 |
(203) Akor hekattar uimak ta uwepakasnu wa, ene aynumotokor hi ye. a=kor IND.A=have hekattar children u-imak REC-behind ta LOC u-w-e-pakasnu REC-EP-APPL.INS-teach wa and ene like.this aynu-moto-kor human/Ainu-origin-have hi NR ye say ‘My children! Over many generations teach to each other about it, tell that (we) have an Ainu origins like this.’ |
★ | TEACH |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
203 |
(204) Nisatta ne oro un isirepakasnu yak pirka. nisat-ta dawn-LOC ne this or-o place-POSS un ALL i=sir-e-pakasnu IND.O=ground/world-APPL.INS-teach yak if pirka be.good ‘Tomorrow teach me the way there.’ |
★ | TEACH |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
204 |
(205) Akor huci cis kor wakkata cis kor suke hine an. a=kor IND.A=have huci grandmother cis cry kor while wakka-ta water-dig cis cry kor while suke cook hine and an exist.SG ‘(I then realized that) grandmother was crying while drawing water and crying when she prepared meals.’ |
★ | CRY |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
205 |
(206) "Hapo hay" ye kane uciste koonno. "hapo mother hay" ouch ye say kane while u-cis-te REC-cry-CAUS koonno like.this ‘"Mother! Ouch! " They said and cried altogether.’ |
★ | CRY | the Verb form cis | 206 |
(207) Ecis. e-cis APPL.INS-cry ‘Cry about / He cried about it.’ |
★ | CRY |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
207 |
(208) Siyeye wa an yak aye. siyeye be.sick wa and an exist.SG yak COMP a=ye IND.A=say ‘It is said that he/she was sick.’ |
★ | BE ILL |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
208 |
(209) Sinrit oruspe enu rusuy kusu... sinrit ancestor oruspe story e=nu 2SG.A=hear rusuy DESID kusu because ‘Since you want to hear the story of the anscestors...’ |
★ | HEAR |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
209 |
(210) Inuan hike ahoppa hekaci poro wa. i-nu=an APASS-hear=IND.A hike as a=hoppa IND.A=leave hekaci boy poro big wa and ‘As far as I heard, a boy that I had left grew big.’ |
★ | HEAR |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
210 |
(211) Yuk cikoykip nep pahawe ikonu rok pe. yuk deer ci-koyki-p 1PL.EXC.A-catch-NR nep what pa-ha-w-e mouth-POSS-EP-POSS i=ko-nu IND.O=APPL.DAT-hear rok PERF.PL pe NR ‘Deer [game] asked me about some rumours.’ |
★ | HEAR |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
211 |
(212) Ukonukar. uko-nukar REC-see ‘Examine sth by joining together / compare (two things).’ |
★ | MEET |
an Alternation:
Object-oriented reciprocal |
212 |
(213) Imemke sisam. i-memke APASS-shave sisam Japanese ‘Barber / lit. Japanese person (who) shaves.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
213 |
(214) Unure. u-nu-re REC-hear-CAUS ‘Tell to each other / they told each other.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
214 |
(215) Iyepa. i-ye-pa APASS-say-PL ‘(For many people) to say things together / they said things (together).’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
215 |
(216) Pon cikappo ne yaykaran ki wa. pon little cikap-po bird-DIM ne MUT yay-kar=an REFL-make=IND.A ki do.AUX wa and ‘I have turned myself into a little bird.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Reflexive |
216 |
(217) Usinotte. u-sinot-te REC-play-CAUS ‘Play together / they played together.’ |
★ | PLAY | the Verb form sinot | 217 |
(218) Taan ta an anan pe urar kamu wa aesiknak. taan here ta LOC an exist.SG anan ADM pe NR urar mist kamu cover wa and a=e-siknak IND.A=APPL.INS-be.unable.to.see ‘A mist covered the thing that was here and I cannot see it.’ |
★ | COVER | the Verb form kamu-re | 218 |
(219) Okimunpe an wa cise oinuwe. o-kim-un-pe bottom.PF-mountain-belong.to-NR an exist.SG wa and cise house o-i-nu-w-e APPL.LOC-APASS-wipe-EP-CAUS ‘There was a flood and it has passed the house / lit.(The flood) has swept things at the house.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Locative applicative o- |
219 |
(220) Tek uwekikkik wa onkami. tek hand u-w-e-kik-kik REC-EP-APPL.INS-hit-hit wa and onkami pray ‘Having clapped their hands, they pray.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Object-oriented reciprocal |
220 |
(221) Eenikikkik ki kunihi. e=e-ni-kik-kik 2SG.O=APPL.INS-tree/wood-hit-hit ki do.AUX kuni-hi going.to-NR ‘He is going to hit you repeatedly by a tree.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
221 |
(222) Asaha orano easir sorekusu mina tura isoytak. a=sa-ha IND.A=older.sister-POSS orano then easir for.the.first.time sorekusu especially mina laugh tura COM isoytak tell.story ‘Then my older sister for the first time told her story smiling.’ |
★ | TELL | the Verb form e-ko-isoytak | 222 |
(223) Tan ponmenoko ene wa itakan ciki e=nu katu an na. tan this pon-menoko young-woman e=ne 2SG.A=COP wa and itak=an say/talk=IND.S ciki if e=nu 2SG.A=hear katu COMP an exist.SG na FIN ‘Young girl, listen well to what I have to say.’ |
★ | TALK | the Verb form e-ko-itak | 223 |
(224) Kimatekan wa. kimatek=an be.surprised=IND.S wa and ‘(Having heard that it was the squirrel), I was surprised/scared.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN | the Verb form kimatek-ka | 224 |
(225) Tokaci wa ek pewre kur monrayke eirkasuy. Tokaci Tokachi wa ABL ek come.SG pewre be.young kur man monrayke work e-i-kasuy APPL.INS-APASS-help ‘A young man who came from Tokachi helped everyone with work.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
225 |
(226) Inne utari turano ukoipean wa yakun po keraan pe ne. inne be.many utar-i people-POSS tura-no COM-ADV uko-ipe=an SOC-eat=IND.S wa and yak-un if-EMP po more kera-an taste-exist.SG pe NR ne COP ‘When we eat together with many (other) people the food is much more delicious.’ |
★ | EAT | the Verb form e | 226 |
(227) Pirkano imi hine. pirka-no be.good-ADV i-mi APASS-wear hine and ‘He/She put on nice clothes.’ |
★ | DRESS | the Verb form i-mi-re | 227 |
(228) Mour mi wa kasi wa amip mi ur mi. mour underwear mi put.on wa and kas-i top-POSS wa and amip clothing mi wear ur fur.coat mi put.on ‘Put on the underwear, on top of that put on the dress (and) put on the fur coat.’ |
★ | DRESS | the Verb form i-mi-re | 228 |
(229) Kamuyoroarpaan ka eaykap korka. kamuy-or-o-arpa=an god-place-APPL.LOC-go.SG=IND.S ka even e-aykap APPL.INS-be.unable.AUX korka but ‘I couldn’t even go to the other world. (lit. ‘to the land of gods’).’ |
★ | GO | the Verb form arpa (SG) / paye (PL) | 229 |
(230) Nisatta nepkiepayean kus ne na! nisat-ta dawn-LOC nepki-e-paye=an work-APPL.INS-go.PL=IND.S kus going.to ne COP na FIN ‘Let’s go to work tomorrow!’ |
★ | GO | the Verb form arpa (SG) / paye (PL) | 230 |
(231) Ene kunne hene tokap hene ene sinotcakian kor anan hawe ene an hi ne. ene like.this kunne black hene also tokap daytime hene also ene like.this sinotca-ki=an song-do=IND.A kor and an=an exist.SG=IND.S hawe REP.EV ene like.this an exist.SG hi NR ne COP ‘I sang songs like this night and day.’ |
★ | SING |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
231 |
(232) Ito Anna oro wa amip esouk wa an. Ito Ito Anna Anna or-o place-POSS wa ABL amip clothing e-so-uk APPL.INS-debt-take.SG wa and an exist.SG ‘Anna has borrowed a dress from Ito.’ |
★ | GET | the Verb form ko-uk (SG) / ko.uyna (PL) | 232 |
(233) (Icen) eciekosouk. icen money eci=e-ko-so-uk 1SG.A+2SG.O=APPL.INS-APPL.DAT-debt-take.SG ‘I borrowed money from you.’ |
★ | GET | the Verb form ko-uk (SG) / ko.uyna (PL) | 233 |
(234) Ainu or un iteki ikka yan! ainu Ainu or place un ALL iteki PROH ikka steal yan IMP.POL ‘Don’t steal in the land of the Ainu!’ |
★ | STEAL | the Verb form ko-e-ikka | 234 |
(235) Aeeikka hene aerayke yakka. a=e=e-ikka IND.A=2SG.O=APPL.INS-steal hene and a=e=ray-ke IND.A=2SG.O=die-CAUS yak-ka if-even ‘Even if you were stolen and killed (you were still young, so they may have dumped you off somewhere).’ |
★ | STEAL | the Verb form ko-e-ikka | 235 |
(236) Aenkoikka yakun okake ta ke p ka isam pe ne kusu. a=en=ko-ikka IND.A=1SG.O=from.APPL-steal yak-un if-COP oka-ke after-POSS ta LOC k=e 1SG.A=eat p NR ka even isam not.exist pe NR ne COP kusu because ‘If they steal from me, I will have nothing to eat afterwards.’ |
★ | STEAL | the Verb form ko-e-ikka | 236 |
(237) Aonaha ipakasnu kor okaan. a=ona-ha IND.A=father-POSS i=pakasnu IND.O=teach kor and oka=an exist.PL=IND.S ‘My father taught me (like this).’ |
★ | TEACH | the Verb form e-pakasnu | 237 |
(238) Neyta ne yakka pirka uske ao ro. neyta where ne COP yak-ka if-even pirka be.good us-ke place-POSS a=o IND.A=get.on ro COHR ‘(Once I bought the tickets,) we can get on anywhere.’ |
★ | LOAD | the Verb form oma-re (SG) / o (PL) | 238 |
(239) Sekor asa hawean hine cip iore hine. sekor QUOT a=sa IND.A=older.sister hawean say.SG hine and cip boat i=o-re IND.O=put-CAUS hine and ‘Older sister said as she put me in the boat.’ |
★ | LOAD | the Verb form oma-re (SG) / o (PL) | 239 |
(240) Suma itese ka akote. itese weave ka thread a=kot-é IND.A=tie-CAUS suma stone ré-he name-POSS pit pit.stone ‘The name of stone tied to the weaving thread is "pit".’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
1 2 LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
240 |
(241) Wakka ta wa ek. wakka water ta dig.up/scoop wa and ek come.SG ‘Go draw some water.’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
241 |
(242) Teeta wenkur tane nispa nep poutari suma ari nihum ari yapkir. teeta old.times wen-kur be.bad-man tane now nispa rich.man nep what po-utar-i child-PL-POSS suma stone ari INST nihum piece.of.wood ari INST yapkir throw ‘The children of the people who were poor in the past but are rich now were throwing stones and pieces of wood.’ |
★ | THROW | the Verb form e-yapkir | 242 |
(243) Penampe…ne posta utar suma ari nihum ari koyapkir. Penampe Penampe ne this posta little.dog utar PL suma stone ari INST nihum piece.of.wood ari INST ko-yapkir APPL.DAT-throw ‘Penampe threw stones and pieces of wood at these little dogs.’ |
★ | THROW | the Verb form e-yapkir | 243 |
(244) Poro aynu yuk tapkir sine-p ani kane wa, ek wa. poro bold aynu human/Ainu yuk deer tapkir animal.fore.leg sine-p one-thing.CL ani hold/carry.in.hands.SG kane suddenly wa and ek come.SG wa and ‘Suddenly an old man brought a single deer fore leg.’ |
★ | BRING | the Verb form ko-ani (SG) / ko-anpa (PL) | 244 |
(245) Inan pe kukor kor pirka hawe an? inan which pe thing ku=kor 1SG.A=have kor and pirka be.good hawe REP.EV an exist.SG ‘Which one should I choose?’ |
★ | GIVE | the Verb form kor-e (SG)/kor-pa-re (PL) | 245 |
(246) Eunuhu enuyna. e=unu-hu 2SG.A=mother-POSS e=nuyna 2SG.O=hide ‘(The entire village was ruined.) Your mother sneaked you out.’ |
★ | HIDE | the Verb form ko-nuyna | 246 |
(247) Kapuhu soso. kap-uhu skin-POSS sos-o peel-CAUS ‘He/she peeled the skin.’ |
★ | PEEL |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
247 |
(248) Cikuni ne ciki nep ne ciki, a=tekehe kere ka somo ki no kar kor oka=an ruwe ne a p. cikuni tree/wood ne COP ciki if nep something ne COP ciki if a=tek-ehe IND.A=hand-POSS ker-e touch-CAUS ka even/also somo NEG ki do no and kar make kor and oka=an exist.PL=IND.S ruwe INF.EV ne COP a PERF.SG p but ‘We lived that way without him even letting (lit. 'making') my hands touch the firewood and so on.’ |
★ | TOUCH | the Verb form ker-e (SG)/ker-pa (PL) | 248 |
(249) Ennukar. en=nukar 1SG.O=see ‘He/she/it sees me.’ |
★ | MEET |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
249 |
(250) Umma kere kus ne. umma horse ku=e-re 1SG.A=eat-CAUS kusu going.to ne COP ‘I'm going to feed it to my horse.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
250 |
(251) Ikismakar. i-kisma-kar APASS-hug/seize-APPL ‘To seize./ To take hold of.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
251 |
(252) Aituye kusu ne hi ta akot tono ieikisma ne yakka. a=i=tuy-e IND.A=IND.O=cut-CAUS kusu going.to ne COP hi thing/place/time ta LOC a=kor IND.A=have tono master i=e-i-kisma IND.O=APPL.INS-APASS-hug/seize ‘At the moment when I was about to be cut (=killed), my Japanese master (=lover) [tried to] stop people (=seize people) for my sake.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
252 |
(253) Einkarpe pon nociw ne cewsamkur unuunu. e-inkar-pe APPL.INS-look-NR pon little nociw star ne MUT c(i)-e-u-sam-kur RES-APPL.INS-REC-near-shadow un-u-un-u attach.to-CAUS-attach.to-CAUS ‘His eyes (lit. 'the things (which) (he) looks with') are glittering like stars.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
253 |
(254) Sitomare. sitoma-re fear-CAUS ‘Make sb. fear sth./sb.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
254 |
(255) Iyohay sitomare! iyohay oh.my.gosh sitoma-re fear-CAUS ‘Oh my gosh! How suprising!’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
255 |
(256) Ene rametokkor wa isiekimatekka acapo ne a korka. ene like.this rametok-kor courage-have wa and i=si-e-kimatek-ka IND.O=REFL-APPL.INS-be.surprised-CAUS acapo uncle ne COP a PERF korka but ‘It was such a brave uncle who scared me but...’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
256 |
(257) Kutci pirka wa keramasuy korka, eytasa ni ri wa kuhemesu ka niwkes. kutci actinidia.arguta.fruit pirka be.good wa and k=eramasuy 1SG.A=want korka but eytasa very ni tree ri high wa and ku=hemesu 1SG.S=climb ka even/also niwkes be.unable ‘The actinidia arguta fruit is good (=well ripen) and I want it but the tree is tall and I cannot climb it.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
257 |
(258) Iiyomapka poyson! i-i-y-omap-ka APASS-APASS-EP-like-CAUS pon-son little-child ‘What a cute child!’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
258 |
(259) Ene ya sinen ne, iomapan h_umi anan! ene like.this ya Q sinen alone ne MUT i-omap=an APASS-like=IND.S humi NONVIS.EV anan ADM ‘But here I am cherising the child all alone!’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
259 |
(260) Enkoamkir wa enkore yan. en=ko-amkir 1SG.O=APPL.DAT-know wa and en=kor-e 1SG.O=have-CAUS yan IMP.POL ‘Please understand me. /lit. Please understand it for me and give it to me.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
260 |
(261) Ne kotan kor kur aitakamkire. ne this kotan village kor have kur person a=itak-amkir-e IND.A=speech-remember-CAUS ‘I warned this village chief.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
261 |
(262) Op ek noyne iramu hi kusu. op spear ek come.SG noyne seems i-ramu APASS-think hi NR kusu because ‘I thought/felt as if a spear came, so.’ |
★ | THINK |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
262 |
(263) Koramu. ko-ramu APPL.DAT-think ‘To suspect. \ To think.’ |
★ | THINK |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
263 |
(264) Pirkap tapne asurorke hopuni hawe ayairamure. pirka-p be.good-NR tap-ne like.this-COP asur-or-ke rumor-place-POSS hopuni arise.SG hawe REP.EV a=yay-ramu-re IND.A=REFL-think-CAUS ‘I made myself think that there was a rumor such as she was a beauty.’ |
★ | THINK |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
264 |
(265) Tanpe kusu ne iki kamuy tu moto orke re moto orke a=kohunara ki a korka. tan-pe this-thing kusu because ne this i-ki APASS-do kamuy god/spirit tu two moto origin or-ke place-POSS re three moto origin or-ke place-POSS a=ko-hunara IND.A=APPL.DAT-search ki do a PERF korka but ‘For this reason, I have been looking what kind of god (I was) here and there (lit. 'towards the place of two rumors, three rumors (=many rumors)).’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
265 |
(266) Akot turesi ahunarare kusu aye kane kor. a=kor IND.A=have turesi younger.sister a=hunara-re IND.A=search-CAUS kusu in.order a=ye IND.A=say kane PROG kor and ‘I asked to look for my younger sister for my sake (lit. 'said in order to make him/her search for my younger sister').’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
266 |
(267) Ontaro or un ihuraye. ontaro tub or place un ALL i-huray-e APASS-wash-CAUS ‘She did laundry in a tub / lit. washed things.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
267 |
(268) Pirka amip sapte wa imire. pirka beautiful amip clothing sap-te descend.PL-CAUS wa and i=mi-re IND.O=wear-CAUS ‘(The village chief cut my hair, cleaned my face), brought out beautiful garments and dressed me [in them].’ |
★ | DRESS | the Verb form i-mi-re | 268 |
(269) Ku kor kur ni eak kusu ... ku paro ka perke. ku=kor 1SG.A=have kur person ni tree e-ak APPL.INS-shoot kusu because ku=par-o 1SG.A=mouth-POSS ka even/also per-ke break-ACAUS ‘Since my husband threw a stick, my mouth got torn (lit. 'broke').’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Anticausative |
269 |
(270) [Cikuni ani] iteki enkere. cikuni tree/wood ani INST iteki PROH en=ker-e 1SG.O=touch-CAUS ‘Don't touch me [with the stick].’ |
★ | TOUCH |
a Coding frame:
1 2 (3+ani) subj[1].obj[2].V |
270 |
(271) Ukere humiash. u-ker-e REC-touch-CAUS humi NONVIS.EV as stand.SG ‘It felt as if they touched each other.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
271 |
(272) Aunuhu nep ka tekekere siri ka isam. nea that pon young menoko woman a=unu-hu IND.A=mother-POSS nep something ka even/also tek-e-ker-e hand-APPL.INS-touch-CAUS siri VIS.EV ka even/also isam not.exist no and arikiki work.hard hike but ka even/also ‘That young woman ...worked hard and my mother did not touch anything with her hands.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
272 |
(273) Sintoko patci ka akouk utar anakne nep ka pirka pirka nukar somo ki yakka ... sintoko acquer_ware patci bowl ka even/also a=ko-uk IND.A=APPL.DAT-take.SG utar people anak-ne TOP-COP nep somehow ka even/also pirka good pirka good nukar see somo NEG ki do yak-ka if-even ‘Although the people who were robbed of lacquer-ware and bowls, didn’t look carefully at [the things] at all ...’ |
★ | GET |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
273 |
(274) Ukouk upopo. u-ko-uk REC-APPL.DAT-take.SG upopo singing.clapping.the.hands.and.dancing ‘Singing, clapping the hands and dancing in a circular canon.’ |
★ | GET |
an Alternation:
Subject-oriented reciprocal |
274 |
(275) Nea pinay uwekari soske hine. nea that pinay valley u-w-ekari REC-EP-facing sos-ke peel-ACAUS hine and ‘A big clot of blood flew from the middle of the village and tore apart above the village.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Anticausative |
275 |
(276) Honi yasa wa cipori sanke. hon-i belly-POSS yas-a tear-CAUS wa and cipor-i roe-POSS san-ke descend-CAUS ‘(He) torn off the (salmon’s) belly and took its roe off.’ |
★ | TEAR |
a Coding frame:
1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V |
276 |
(277) Kotan noski wa poro kem tak hopuni wa kotan enka ta yaske. kotan village noski middle wa ABL poro big kem blood tak clot hopuni fly.SG wa and kotan village enka over ta LOC yas-ke tear-ACAUS ‘A big clot of blood flew from the middle of the village and tore apart above the village.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Anticausative |
277 |
(278) Enkonuyna wa enkore. en=ko-nuyna 1SG.O=APPL.DAT-hide wa and en=kor-e 1SG.O=have-CAUS ‘Hide me (from other people) for my sake.’ |
★ | HIDE | the Verb form ko-nuyna | 278 |
(279) Itura utar apumakore sinep sinep ki ruwe ne h_ine ase. i=tura IND.O=follow utar people a=puma-kor-e IND.A=wage-have-CAUS sine-p one-thing.CL sine-p one-thing.CL ki do.AUX ruwe INF.EV ne COP h_ine and a=se IND.A=carry.on.back ‘We paid wages to each person who came with us to carry the things down.’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
279 |
(280) Rupne mat utar_ ne yakka aipere pa aikorpare pa. rupne old mat woman utar PL ne COP yak-ka if-even a=i-p-e-re IND.A=APASS-EP-eat-CAUS wa and a=i-kor-pa-re IND.A=APASS-have-PL-CAUS wa and ‘We were charitable and fed the older women.’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
280 |
(281) Okikurmi turesihi tumokorkamui remokorkamui chikopayere. Okikurmi Okikurmi turesihi younger.sister tu two mokor sleep kamuy god/spirit re three mokor sleep kamuy god/spirit ci=ko-paye-re 1PL.EXC.A=APPL.DAT-go.PL-CAUS ‘We send two or three sleepiness gods on Okikurumi's younger sister.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
281 |
(282) Shisoya kotan Shisoya moshir aioarpare katu ne rok oka. Si-soya real-bee kotan village Si-soya real-bee mosir land a=i=o-arpa-re IND.A=IND.O=APPL.LOC-go.SG-CAUS kat-u shape-POSS ne COP rok PERF.PL oka exist.PL ‘I was sent to a hornet village, to a hornet land.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Locative applicative o- |
282 |
(283) Erura. e-rura APPL.INS-carry ‘Carry sth by sth/sb / carry sth with sb.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
283 |
(284) Ne katkemat mipihi opitta akoanu. ne this katkemat woman mi-p-ihi wear-NR-POSS opitta all a=ko-an-u IND.A=APPL.DAT-exist.SG-CAUS ‘All of this woman's clothes were taken off ('all clothes were put (aside) from this woman').’ |
★ | PUT |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
284 |
(285) Anipunkari i(y)oikir ka aeanu. anipuntar a.type.of.sake.bottle iyoykir treasure ka top a=e-an-u IND.A=APPL.INS-exist.SG-CAUS ‘We put a sake bottle on top of treasures.’ |
★ | PUT |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
285 |
(286) Iyomare. i-y-oma-re APASS-EP-enter.SG-CAUS ‘Pour alcohol.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
286 |
(287) Wakkataan wa su or wakka aomare. wakka-ta=an water-dig=IND.S wa and su pot or place wakka water a=oma-re IND.A=enter.SG-CAUS ‘I drew some water and put it in a pot.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Noun incorporation |
287 |
(288) Atuy or un akuta akusu. atuy sea or place un ALL a=kuta IND.S=pour akusu when ‘(Again I pulled out the silver dipper and) when I poured [water] into the sea (the water raised to the middle of the sea.).’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
1 2 LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
288 |
(289) Ora su oha h_i kusu ora soy ta ruri akuta. ora then su pot oha empty h_i NR kusu because ora then soy outside ta LOC ruri soup a=kuta IND.A=pour ‘When the pot was empty, I threw the soup outside.’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
1 2 LOC3 subj[1].obj[2].V |
289 |
(290) Ra okuta. ra bottom/down o-kuta APPL.LOC-pour ‘Drop/spill/pou down / drop/spill/pour down to the bottom.’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
Locative applicative o- |
290 |
(291) へカッタラ パシ ロク パシ ロク コロ オカ クス ロクテ ワ アヌ Hekattara pas rok pas rok kor oka kusu rokte wa anu. hekattara children pas run rok PERF.PL pas run rok PERF.PL kor and oka exist.PL kusu because rok-te sit.PL-CAUS wa and an-u exist.SG-CAUS ‘Children are running around, so sit them down.’ |
★ | SIT |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
291 |
(292) Minare. mina-re laugh-CAUS ‘Make laugh.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
292 |
(293) Etekehe earkare hawe? e=tek-ehe 2SG.A=hand-POSS e=arka-re 2SG.A=hurt-CAUS hawe REP.EV ‘Is it said that you have hurt your hand?’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
293 |
(294) Kasi osinot. kas-i top/on-POSS o-sinot APPL.LOC-play ‘Play on top of (it).’ |
★ | PLAY |
an Alternation:
Locative applicative o- |
294 |
(295) Soy ta aesinotte SITARI nen nen ne ya. soy outside ta LOC a=e=sinot-te INF.A=2SG.O=play-CAUS SITARI if.do ‘If I amuse you outside, (somehow since they were bad men, they would hear about it.They would find a way to kill you...).’ |
★ | PLAY |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
295 |
(296) Akor son aiperusuyka yak wen. a=kor IND.A=have son son a=i-p-e-rusuy-ka IND.A=APASS-EP-eat-DESID-CAUS yak if wen be.bad ‘I cannot let my son go hungry.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
296 |
(297) エシソウン ニス カラカラセレ ワ アラパ Esisoun nisu karkarsere wa arpa. e-si-so-un head.PF-right-seat-ALL nisu mortar karkarse-re roll-CAUS wa and arpa go.SG ‘Roll the mortar to the right side.’ |
★ | ROLL |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
297 |
(298) Ipetam anakne suma akote wa poro to noski un arere. i-p-e-tam APASS-EP-eat-sword anak-ne TOP-COP suma stone a=kot-e IND.A=tie-CAUS wa and poro big to lake noski middle un ALL a=rer-e IND.A=sink-CAUS ‘As to the man-eating sword, I have tied up a stone to it and made it sink at the middle of the lake.’ |
★ | SINK |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
298 |
(299) Kotan auhuyka kusu ne. kotan village a=uhuy-ka IND.A-burn-CAUS kusu intention ne COP ‘We will burn down the village.’ |
★ | BURN |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
299 |
(300) Poronno asaha cep mike satke. poro-n-no big/many-EP-ADV a=sa-ha IND.A=older.sister-POSS cep fish mike fish.slice sat-ke dry-CAUS ‘Older sister laid out many fish slices to dry.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
300 |
(301) Kem apto as kor siran ruwe anukar_ ruwe ne korka. kem blood apto rain as stand.SG kor and sir-an ground/world-exist.SG ruwe INF.EV a=nukar IND.A=see ruwe INF.EV ne COP korka because ‘(There fell a fog over the Tomisanpet river) and I saw the sight of a blood rain raining.’ |
★ | RAIN | the Verb form (apto) as | 301 |
(302) Apto ashteguru. apto rain as-te stand.SG-CAUS kur person ‘A rainmaker / lit. a person (who) makes rain (lit. who makes rain stand).’ |
★ | RAIN |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
302 |
(303) Isonkur ennere. ison-kur be.successful.in.a.hunt-man en=ne-re 1SG.O=COP-CAUS ‘He made me a successful hunter.’ |
★ | BE A HUNTER |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
303 |
(304) Kanpi iyepakasnu kur. kanpi paper i-y-e-pakasnu APASS-EP-about-teach kur man ‘A person who teaches to people reading and writing (=a teacher).’ |
★ | TEACH |
an Alternation:
Antipassive |
304 |
(305) "Hinak wa ek seta ene iki an?" sekor yaynuan. hinak where wa ABL ek come.SG seta dog ene like.this i-ki APASS-do an exist.SG sekor QOUT yay-nu=an REFL-hear=IND.S ‘“Where did that dog come from?” I thought.’ |
★ | HEAR | the Verb form nu | 305 |
(306) Nep kusu epas wa eek ya? nep what kusu for e=pas 2SG.S=run wa and e=ek 2SG.S=come.SG ya Q ‘Why did you run (here)?’ |
★ | RUN |
a Coding frame:
1 subj[1].V |
306 |
(307) Corpokke aepas wa. corpok-ke under-POSS a=e-pas IND.A=APPL.INS-run wa and ‘I ran under him (i.e. under my husband who was rising to heaven in the shape of a bird).’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Instrumental applicative e- |
307 |
(308) Somo ekopas y_akun ehekote kamuy amaketa noyne. somo NEG e=ko-pas 2SG.A=APPL.DAT-run yak-un if-COP e=hekote 2SG.A=turn kamuy god/spirit a=maketa IND.A=defeat noyne as.if ‘(Your husband your precious husband has fought 60 battles with that demon god. This is a situation where) if you do not go to help him (lit. 'run for him') it looks as if your divine husband will be defeated.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Dative applicative ko- |
308 |
(309) Tu iworso ka tu kenasso ka anopasopas. tu two iwor-so hunting.field-place ka top/on tu two kenas-so tree.plain-place ka top/on an=o-pas-o-pas IND.A=APPL.LOC-run-APPL.LOC-run ‘I ran and ran on many hunting fields and tree plains.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Locative applicative o- |
309 |
(310) Hunak un awakina pencay kayapaste wa payean. hunak where un ALL awakina common.grass pencay cargo.ship kaya-pas-te sail-run-CAUS wa and paye=an go.PL=IND.S ‘The cargo boat (made) of common grass moved quickly under sail in an undetermined direction and (so) we went (lit. 'the cargo ship made the sail (O-inc) run').’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
310 |
(311) Nea tamanum raytamanum hácire. nea that tama-num ball-drop ray-tama-num die-ball-drop hácir-e fall-CAUS ‘(My older brother) dropped that ball drop, the ball drop (with the dead person's soul).’ |
★ | FALL |
an Alternation:
Direct causative |
311 |
(312) アエシノッ ペ ウコエウナラ・アシ ワ カキヒ(ク・アキヒ) ク・チシテ Aesinot pe ukoeunaraas wa kakihi kuciste. a=e-sinpt IND.A=APPL.INS-play pe thing u-ko-e-hunara=as REC-APPL.DAT-APPL.INS-search=1PL.EXC.S wa and k=ak-ihi 1SG.A=younger.brother-POSS ku=cis-te 1SG.A=cry- |