Anticausative C
Description
Prefix ke-. Valency-reducing. Subject-demoting. Unproductive.
Verb meaning | Verb form | Occurs | arg_count | Basic Coding frame | Derived Coding frame | arg_count_derived | example |
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THROW | e-yapkir | NNever | 3 |
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BREAK | per-e (SG) / per-pa (PL) | RRegularly | 3 |
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TEACH | e-pakasnu | NNever | 3 |
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EAT | e | NNever | 2 |
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HUG | kisma | NNever | 2 |
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LOOK AT | inkar | NNever | 2 |
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MEET | nukar | NNever | 2 |
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SMELL | hurarakkar | NNever | 2 |
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FEAR | sitoma | NNever | 2 |
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FRIGHTEN | kimatek-ka | NNever | 2 |
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LIKE | eramasu(y) | NNever | 2 |
(100) sisam-utar-i Japanese-people-POSS katkemat married.woman en=eramasuy 1SG.O=like pe NR ka also okay exist.PL ‘(Among) the Japanese women, there were those who liked me.’ |
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KNOW | amkir | NNever | 2 |
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THINK | ramu | NNever | 2 |
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SEARCH FOR | hunara | NNever | 2 |
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WASH | huray-e (SG) / huray-pa (PL) | NNever | 2 |
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DRESS | i-mi-re | NNever | 2 |
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SHAVE (a body part/person) | memke | NNever | 2 |
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HELP | kasuy | NNever | 2 |
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FOLLOW | os ek (SG) / arki (PL) | NNever | 2 |
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TALK | e-ko-itak | NNever | 3 |
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ASK FOR | ko-tak | NNever | 3 |
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SHOUT AT | hawekoyki | NNever | 2 |
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TELL | nu-re | NNever | 3 |
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NAME | ye | NNever | 3 |
(70) an=an exist.SG=IND.S hi NR nea that pon young menoko woman a=hoku-hu IND.A=husband-POSS eun DAT ye say noyne seem ‘It seemed that that young woman said to my husband that I was (there).’ (155) orano then a=kor IND.A=have son child utar PL ona father ne MUT ye say pa PL kor and ‘(He came in and sat down). Calling (him) “Father”, (my children jumped all over him).’ |
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BUILD | kar | NNever | 3 |
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KILL | ray-ke (SG) / ronnu (PL) | NNever | 3 |
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BEAT | kik-kik | NNever | 3 |
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TOUCH | ker-e (SG)/ker-pa (PL) | NNever | 3 |
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CUT | tuy-e (SG) / tuy-pa (PL) | –No data | 3 |
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HIDE | ko-nuyna | –No data | 3 |
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GIVE | kor-e (SG)/kor-pa-re (PL) | NNever | 3 |
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SEND | arpa-re (SG) / paye-re (PL) | NNever | 3 |
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CARRY | rúra | NNever | 3 |
(25) aynu human/Ainu nimar-a half-POSS Iskar Ishikari emko upstream kor have nispa rich.man eun DAT nea that nispa rich.man kor have pa PL p NR opitta all rúra carry pa PL ‘The (remaining) half of the Ainu carried all of that rich man’s belongings to the the rich man at Upstream Ishikari.’ (27) nea that kotan village pa upper.part un belong.to nispa rich.man mac-ihi wife-POSS e-utar-ne APPL.INS-kin-COP kur man kotan village pa upper.part un belong.to kur man uni house o put.in p NR yayteknata by.onself cip boat or place un ALL rúra carry ‘The man who married the wife of the elder from above the village carried the things from the house of the man from above the village to his boat.’ |
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TIE | kot-e | NNever | 3 |
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PUT | an-u (SG) / ari (PL) | NNever | 3 |
(12) ora-no then-ADV a=kor IND.A=have ekasi grandfather anak TOP aoypepi dish sir-ka ground/world-top ta LOC an-u exist.SG-CAUS ‘Grandfather put the dish down on the ground.’ |
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POUR | o-ta | NNever | 3 |
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COVER | kamu-re | NNever | 3 |
(1) a=ekasi IND.A=grandfather cep fish a=u-ko-sina IND.A=REC-APPL.DAT-bind p NR ne COP ápekor as.if an exist.SG pe thing kas-i top-POSS wa ABL amip clothing kamu-re cover-CAUS kane while an exist.SG ‘(My grandfather) covered up something that looked like a bundle of fish with his clothing.’ |
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FILL | e-sik-te | NNever | 3 |
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BLINK | sik-rap-rap-u | NNever | 1 |
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COUGH | omke | NNever | 1 |
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CLIMB | hemesu (SG) / hemespa (PL) | NNever | 2 |
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RUN | hoyupu (SG)/hoyuppa (PL) | NNever | 1 |
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SIT | a (SG) / rok (PL) | NNever | 2 |
(131) ne this kotan village kor have nispa rich.man or-o place-POSS ta LOC ahun=an enter.SG=IND.S apa door sam near ta LOC a=an sit.SG=IND.S ‘I entered the village chief’s house, shaking all over. I sat down near the front door.’ |
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JUMP | tetterke | NNever | 1 |
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SING | sinotca-ki | NNever | 1 |
(148) káni I ka even sinotca song ku=ki 1SG.A=do kusu-ne going.to-COP na FIN eani 2SG.S/A/O hem also/and sinotca song ki do yan IMP.POL ‘I will sing a song, so you should also sing.’ (149) a=kor IND.A=have huci grandmother sinotca-ki song-do kor while wakka-ta water-dig sinotca-ki song-do kor while suke cook hike and ‘Grandmother would sing while drawing water and she would sing while preparing meals...’ |
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GO | arpa (SG) / paye (PL) | NNever | 2 |
(141) kuca hunting.cabin or place ta LOC arpa=an go.SG=IND.S rusuy DESID ‘I wanted to go to the hunting cabin.’ (143) ne this wen-kur be.bad-man okkay-po man-DIM eun DAT anak-ne TOP-COP iteki PROH arpa go.SG =an =IND.S yak if pirka be.good ‘You must never go to that young poor man’s place.’ |
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APPEAR | an (SG) / oka (PL) | NNever | 2 |
(145) tan this kotan village ta LOC hempak how.many pa year e=an 2SG.S=exist.SG ruwe INF.EV an exist.SG ‘How many years have you lived in this village?’ |
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LAUGH | mina | NNever | 1 |
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SCREAM | kirirse | NNever | 1 |
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FEEL PAIN | koni | NNever | 2 |
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FEEL COLD | merayke | NNever | 1 |
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DIE | ray | NNever | 1 |
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PLAY | sinot | NNever | 1 |
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BE SAD | mismu | NNever | 1 |
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BE HUNGRY | i-p-e-rusuy | NNever | 1 |
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ROLL | karkarse | NNever | 1 |
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SINK | rer | NNever | 1 |
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BURN | uhuy | NNever | 1 |
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BE DRY | sat | NNever | 1 |
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RAIN | (apto) as | NNever | 0 |
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BE A HUNTER | isonkur ne | NNever | 1 |
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WIPE | nu-w-e (SG)/nú-pa (PL) | NNever | 2 |
(49) mun-ihi rubbish-POSS a=nu-w-e-nu-w-e IND.A=sweep-EP-CAUS-sweep-EP-CAUS a=ker-keri IND.A=scrap-scrap wa and soy outside a=o IND.A=put.in.PL ‘I vigorously swept the rubbish and scrapped it and took it off outside.’ |
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BRING | ko-ani (SG) / ko-anpa (PL) | NNever | 3 |
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BE ILL | siyeye | NNever | 1 |
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CRY | cis | NNever | 1 |
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TELL | e-ko-isoytak | NNever | 3 |
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BRING | kor wa ek (SG) / arki (PL) | NNever | 2 |
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SHOW | nukar-e | NNever | 3 |
(39) mokor sleep usi-ke place-POSS eci=nukar-e 1SG.A+2SG.O=see-CAUS kusu-ne going.to-COP na FIN ‘I will show you the bed.’ (40) a=po-utar-i IND.A=child-PL-POSS a=aca-utar-i IND.A=uncle-PL-POSS a=nukar-e IND.A=see-CAUS somo NEG ki do.AUX yak if wen be.bad kusu because ‘We had to show our children to uncles, so...’ |
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LIKE | omap | NNever | 2 |
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APPEAR | hetuku (SG) / hetukpa (PL) | NNever | 1 |
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FALL | hácir | NNever | 1 |
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HIT | kik | NNever | 3 |
(161) rapok-ke between-POSS nea that okkay-po man-DIM ani INST kik beat kuni in.order kisma grab hum sound/feeling pirka-no be.good-ADV an exist.SG an exist.SG cikuni tree/wood tuy-e cut-CAUS ‘Then that young man cut a tree (such that) the feeling is good of grabbing (it) [i.e. which fits his hand] in order to beat with (it). / lit. Then that young man cut a tree_i [(such that) the sound/feeling j [(that) he grabs __i in order to beat with __i] is good].’ |
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PEEL | sos-o (SG)/sos-pa (PL) | RRegularly | 2 |
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FEEL PAIN | arka | NNever | 1 |
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STEAL | ko-e-ikka | NNever | 3 |
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HEAR | nu | NNever | 2 |
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TEAR | yas-a (SG) / yas-pa (PL) | RRegularly | 2 |
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LOAD | oma-re (SG) / o (PL) | NNever | 3 |
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POUR | kuta | NNever | 3 |
(288) atuy sea or place un ALL a=kuta IND.S=pour akusu when ‘(Again I pulled out the silver dipper and) when I poured [water] into the sea (the water raised to the middle of the sea.).’ |
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RUN | pas | NNever | 1 |
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JUMP | hopuni(SG) / hopunpa (PL) | NNever | 1 |
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LEAVE | hop-i (SG)/hop-pa (PL) | NNever | 2 |
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BOIL | pop | NNever | 1 |
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GRIND | uta | NNever | 2 |
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DIG | ta | NNever | 2 |
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COOK | suw-e (SG)/sú-pa (PL) | NNever | 2 |
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PUSH | oputuy-e (SG)/ oputuy-pa (PL) | NNever | 3 |
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GET | ko-uk (SG) / ko.uyna (PL) | NNever | 3 |
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