Alternation ‘Direct causative’ (Coded)

Valency-increasing (S=P). Unproductive suffixes: -V (-e/-u/-o/-i, not fully predictable) – for verbs denoting Change of State, attaches to vi/vt or occurs in equipollent causative-anticausative oppositions (with no basic verb) alternating with the anticausative causative -V ; -ka – for verbs denoting some spontaneous actions/processes/states and some Emotion verbs, attaches to vi/vt; -ke – for Motion verbs and some verbs denoting Change of State, attaches to vi. Productive allomorphic suffix -re/-e/-te as a default marker of direct causation. Is also used for indirect causation.

Verb Meaning Verb form Basic coding frame Derived coding frame Occurs Comment # Ex.